Pepper(Piper nigrum)

Pepper(Piper nigrum)

1. field preparation

   • Terracing needed for area more than 40⁰ slope
   • Unsuitable soils
     • Former rubber area is discouraged – white root disease
     • Peat soil – easily waterlogged
     • Sandy loam – acidic and prone to drought
   • Suitable soils
     • Red yellow podzolic clay soil
     • Rich in organic material
     • Rich in nutrient
   • proper drainage
     • 60cm deep x 60 cm wide
     • Separating drain every 5-6 rows connected to main drain
   • planting distance
     • 1.8m x 2.4m or 2.1m x 2.1m
     • Before planting, make a mound 20cm high with 50-90cm wide to loosen the soil
     • Lime the mound (0.5-1kg) 3-4 weeks before planting
   • use cover crop

2. pruning

   • Importance
     • To produce lateral shoots along the support
     • Increase flowers & induce flowering
     • Increase yield
     • ease of management
     • Prevent pest & diseases
     • Can produce new cuttings
   • terminal shoot pruning
     • done in 3 stages or in first two years
     • First round
       • 6-8 months after planting
       • All terminal shoots cut down to 30cm from ground
       • The cut main shoots can be used as cuttings
     • second round
       • 12-14 months after planting (half of support height)
       • Only 3 best shoots are kept
       • Keep 6-7 nodes only to induce lateral shoots
     • third round
       • When terminal shoots had grown until the end of support
         • Done before start to flower and yield
   • lateral shoot pruning
     • need pruning cause give no yield, only wasting fertilizer
   • Top shoot pruning
     • Need to be pruned as do not yield and only wasting nutrients
     • In mature stage (>3 years), many undeveloped shoot will emerge on top
   • Bottom lateral shoot pruning
     • Shoots developed less than ½ foot from the ground need to be removed
     • To prevent soil borne disease and pest

3. maintenance and management

   • pest and disease
     • pest
       • Green pepper bug(Pianggang Hijau)
         • Larvae and adult suck the young and matured fruits
           • Cypermethrin spray (Decis 250 & Decis Mintap)
         • Affected fruits will fall off
           • Lambda–cyhalothrin spray (Karate)
       • Pollu beetle (Longitarsus, nigripennis)
         • Adults feed on growing points, tender shoots, leaves, tender spikes and berries.Cause black color
           • Spray endosulfan (0.05%) twice (June and September)
       • Pepper weevil (Kumbang belalai)
         • Stem node turns yellow and eventually dies off
           • Cypermethrin spray especially inside the canopy where the adult hide
         • Severe case will cause plant death
           • All damaged stems and branches need to be pruned and burnt
     • disease
       • Root Knot by nematode
         • Control using carbofuran pesticide by applying on soil mounding (70-100 g for 2-3 times a year
       • Quick wilt or foot rot (Phytophthora capsici)
         • foliar yellowing and defoliation
         • Removal of the infected dead vines and burn them
         • Spray vine with 1% Bordeaux mixture and 0.25% Ridomil ziram
       • Velvet Blight (Hawar lembut)
         • Fungus spread on stem, branch and fruits
         • Thick layer appear starting in whitish grey color and later changed to velvet (purple)
         • Infected leaves and branches wilt and eventually die
         • Prune and burn infected parts
           • If the disease spread, spray with 0.1 % Pepertox (Copper Oxychloride)
   • fertilizer
     • 10kg compost given in May -April
     • 100g N, 40g P2O5 and 140g K2O per plant three years
     • Manures are applied around the vines at a distance of 30 cm and forked into the soil.
     • Lime may be applied at the rate of 500 g per standard during April in alternate years
   • weed management
     • Physical control – manual weeding
     • contact herbicide
     • Cover crop – Arachis pintoi
     • IWM

4. harvesting

   • harvest when the peppercorn turns red
   • Black pepper need 3-4 days of sun drying
   • White pepper need soaking for 15 days to remove skin
   • Later cleaned and sundried for 3-4 days

5. propagation

   • introduction
     • climbing perennial vine
     • origin from southwestern India & Sri Lanka
     • best grown in tropical area
     • best grown under the bright indirect sunlight
     • Ovate, cordate, palmately-veined, dark green leaves
     • commercially planting for pepper (cooking）
     • produce black and white peppercorns
   • cuttings
     • Tools (knife or scateur) must be clean
     • criteria
       • Recommended varieties
       • Free from pest, diseases and defficiencies
       • Young (1 – 2 years old) parent plant, Older plant will delay axillary bud growth
       • Healthy and vigorous parent with strong and abundant roots for better grip
     • Must be from the main stem
     • Avoid young shoots on top (top 3 nodes)
     • Cutting can be done again 10-14 days later (new shoots had grown)
     • must have 4 – 6 nodes
     • Support (tuat) must be carefully removed using back of knife – avoid injury
     • Cutting can be plant in nursery or directly to the field (in rainy season)
   • variety
     • Semenggok Aman
       • Resistant to black berry and foot rot diseases
       • Longer spike and bigger berries compared to Kuching
       • Resistant to pepper weevil and stem borer
     • Semenggok Emas
       • higher yield than Kuching after 3rd year
       • More resistant to Black Berry disease and pepper weevil attack
       • Vulnerable to foot knot disease
       • allow 3 harvest cycle
     • kuching variety
       • grow in Sarawa and Johor
       • high yield
       • vulnerable to foot rot, black berry, fusarium wilt and wrinkled leaf diseases
   • Rapid multiplication method
   • Trench method
   • Serpentine method
   • Traditional method

6. nursery

   • For 5 nodes cutting, 3 nodes in sand while 4th above ground
   • Plant cuttings slanted at 45 – 60 degrees
   • shaded
     • height - 2.5m – 3m (front) & 1.5m- 2m (back)
     • use netting
     • recommended to use sand
   • promote rooting on node before transplanting
   • After 4 – 8 weeks, cuttings can be transplanted

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