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VITAMINS AND MINERALS

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Vitamins
- They are a group of organic nutrients needed in small amounts
- Fat-soluble vitamins (KEDA)
  - They are hydrophobic compounds that are only acquired when there is normal fat absorption
  - Vitamin A (Retinol)
    - Functions
      - Cellular differentiation
        Cancer
      - Vision
    - Deficiency
      - Night blindness
      - Xerophthalmia
        pathological dryness of the conjunctiva and cornea
      - Keratinization of the cornea
    - Excess cause toxicity
      - Central Nervous System
        Cephalgia
        Nausea
        Ataxia
        Anorexia
      - Liver
        Hepatomegaly
        Hyperlipidemia
      - Calcium Homeostasis
        Long bone thickening
        Hypercalcemia
        Soft tissue calcification
      - Skin
        Dryness
        Alopecia
    - Can originate from carotenes and cryptoxanthin
  - Vitamin K (Phylloquinone)
    - Functions
      - Coagulation protein synthesis
        Blood coagulation
      - Bone synthesis
    - Deficiency
      - Hemorrhages
    - One part is synthesized by intestinal bacteria
    - Warfarin antagonist
  - Vitamin E (Tocopherol)
    - Functions
      - Antioxidant (Traps free radicals in the membrane )
        This is the main fatt-soluble antioxidant in cell membranes
      - Membrane fluidity
    - Deficiency
      - Hemolytic anemia of the newborn
        The baby's red blood cells are breaking down at a rapid rate (Weak membrane )
      - Neurological disorders
  - Vitamin D (Calcipherol)
    - Functions
      - Calcium and phosphate metabolism
        Increases calcium absorption,
        Mobilizes the bone mineral
        Decreases calcium excretion
      - Cellular differentiation
        Prevents some types of cancer
    - Deficiency
      - Rickets (young children)
        Bone demineralization
      - Osteomalice (adults)
    - Excess cause toxicity (In diet)
      - Calcinosis
      - High blood pressure
    - It's a hormone that is synthesized in the skin
  - Can lead to deficiency syndromes
  - Insufficient diet
  - Diseases or conditions affecting digestion and absorption of fat-soluble vitamins
  - Steatorrhoea and disorders of the biliary system,
- Water-soluble vitamins
  - Vitamin C (Ascorbic acid)
    - Deficiency
      - Scurvy
    - Function
      - Oxygen Radical Reducer
      - Colagen synthesis
  - Vitamin B
    - Vitamin B1 (Thiamine)
      - Deficiency
        Syndrome beriberi
        Heart failure
      - Function
        Carbohydrates metabolism
    - Vitamin B2 (Rivoflavin)
      - Deficiency
        Glossitis
        Cheilosis
        Seborrhea
      - Function
        Participate in metabolism
    - Vitamin B3 (Niacin)
      - Deficiency (tryptophane)
        Pellagra
      - It is not strictly a vitamin because it can be synthesized in the body
        Function
        Coenzime
      - Excess (nicotinic acid)
        Vessel dilation
        Irritation
        Liver damage
    - Vitamin B12 (Cobalamins)
      - Deficiency (Pancreatic insufficiency or absorption failure)
        Anemia Pernicious
        Anemia Megaloblastic
        Methylmalonic aciduria
        Refers to an inherited group of conditions in which the body cannot break down certain parts of proteins and fats
      - Is synthesized from microorganisms
        Must be supplement for strict vegans
      - Function
        Metabolism
    - Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxal phosphate)
      - Function
        Aminoacid and glycogen metabolism
        Synthesis of neurotransmitters
      - Deficiency
        Cancer
    - Vitamin B9 (folic acid)
      - Deficiency
        Megaloblastic anemia
      - Function
        Carbon recapture
      - Supplements of this vitamin reduce the risk of:
        Neural tube defects
        Cardiovascular diseases
        Hiperhomocisteinemia
        Spina bifida
      - Excess
        Colorectal cancer
        Diseases neurological
    - Vitamin B8 (Biotin or vitamin H)
      - Function
        Coenzyme that transfers carbon dioxide
      - Deficiency
        Rarely occurs
        High consumption of raw egg white
        Parenteral nutrition
      - Is synthesized by the intestinal flora
    - Vitamin B5 (Pantothenic acid)
      - Function
        Metabolism of CoA
        Citric acid cycle
        Oxidation of fatty acids
        Cholesterol synthesis
  - Work mainly as enzyme co-factors.
Minerals
- Iodine
  - Deficiency
    - Goitre
    - Cretinism
- Iron
  - Anemia