Glycoconjugates

Glycoconjugates

1. Definition

   • Glycoconjugates, as its name indicates, are carbohydrates attached to
     • Proteins
       • Through covalent bonds
         • Are very important in the regulation of metabolism
       • Categories
         • Glycoproteins
         • Proteoglycans
         • Glycosaminoglycans
     • Lipids
       • Categories
         • Glycolipids
         • Lipopolysaccharides

2. Glycoproteins

   • Physiology
     • Protection from proteolysis
     • Important role in cell recognition
       • Via modulating membrane properties
         • Viscosity
         • Solubility
         • Union sites for
           • Bacteria
           • Virus
           • Parasites
         • Denaturation
         • Cell markers
     • Participate in embryonic differentiation
     • Are very useful in several biological activities
   • Regulated by
     • Glycoprotein processing enzyme
       • Affected by
         • Cancer
         • Protein conformation
         • Location
         • Cell kind
   • Associated pathologies
     • Cancer
     • Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobin
     • Leukocyte type 2 deficiency
     • Leukemia
   • Conformation
     • Proteins + oligosaccharides

3. Glycolipids

   • Conformation
     • Membrane lipids + Oligosaccharides
   • Physiology
     • They work like barriers
     • Are amphipathics, so they give to the membrane
       • Fluency
       • Flexibility
       • Rigidity
     • They separate the extracellular medium from the intreacellular
     • They play an important role in cell recognition
     • Are used as markers in cellular communication
   • Can be acquired from diet
     • Cereals
     • Sugar cane
   • Classification
     • Gangliosides
     • Globosides
     • Cerebrosides

4. Proteoglycans

   • Conformation
     • Proteins + polysaccharides
       • Sugars are assembled all along the protein body
       • Protein acts a the body
   • Physiology
     • They help in the binding processes of
       • Proteins
       • Glycosaminoglycans
     • Retain water
     • Due to its components, are useful when suffer pression and compression
     • One of their components are the glycosaminoglycans
     • Can only be founded in ECM
       • Except from
         • Heparin
   • Classification
     • Decorine
     • Aggrecan
     • Betaglucan
     • Sindicane

5. Glycosaminoglycans

   • Conformation
     • Polysaccharides + amino sugars
   • Physiology
     • One of the most important components of ECM
     • Can be used as polyanions
     • Help in cell migration
     • Useful in he normal functioning of renal glomerulus
     • Lubricate and support pression and compression
   • Associated pathologies
     • Mucopolysaccharidosis
       • Impossibility of synthesize enough glycosaminoglycans
       • Differential diagnosis and symptoms
         • Body underdevelopment
         • Genetic issues
         • Orphan disease group
   • Classification
     • Chondroitin sulfate
     • Heparin
     • Heparan sulfate
     • Keratin sulfate
     • Dermatan sulfate