Glycoconjugates

Glycoconjugates

1. With Protein

   • Glycoaminoglycans
     • Composition
       • Polysaccharides, one of the components is:
         • D- Galactosamine or D- Glucosamine
         • Phosphate groups
     • Associated pathology
     • Classification
       • Hyaluronates
         • Function
           • Displace significant volume of water
           • Lubricant
           • Shock absorber
         • Location
           • Synovial fluid, vitreous humor, ECM of connective tissues
         • Disaccharide composition
           • D-glucuronic acid + N-acetylglucosamine
       • Chondroitin
         • Chondroitin-4-sulfate
           • Disaccharide composition
             • D-glucuronic acid + N-acetylgalactosamine-4-sulfate
         • Location
           • Cartilage, bone, heart valves
         • Function
           • Provides cushioning to cartilage
         • Chondroitin-6-sulfate
           • Disaccharide composition
             • D-glucuronic acid + N-acetylgalactosamine-6-sulfate
       • Dermatan sulfate
         • Disaccharide composition
           • L-iduronic acid + N-acetylgalactosamine-4-sulfate
         • Location
           • Skin, blood vessels, heart valves
         • Function
           • Modulates
             • Cardiovascular disease
             • Oncogenesis
             • Infection / Wound Healing
             • Fibrosis
             • Cellular behavior
       • Keratin sulfate
         • Disaccharide composition
           • Galactoa or galactose-6-phosphate + N-acetylglucosamine-6-sulfate
         • Location
           • Bone, cartilage, cornea
         • Function
           • Recognition
             • Cellular protein ligands
             • Axonal guide
           • Cellular mobility
           • Corneal transparency
           • Embryo implantation
       • Heparan sulfate
         • Disaccharide composition
           • Glucuronic acid or L-iduronic acid-2-sulfate + N-sulfaminoglucosamine or N-acetylglucosamine
         • Location
           • Basal lamina, normal component of the cell surface
         • Function
           • Facilitates interaction with FGF and its receptor
       • Heparin
         • Disaccharide composition
           • Glucuronic acid or L-iduronic acid-2-sulfate + N-sulfamylglucosamine or N-acetylglucosamine-6-sulfate
         • Function
           • Anticuagulante
           • Facilitates interactions with FGF and receptor
         • Location
           • Mast cell and basophil granules
   • Proteoglycans
     • Associated pathology
     • Composition
       • Proteins + Glucosaminoglycans
         • Electrostatic forces
         • It involves trisaccharide composed of residues of:
           • Galactose
           • Xylose
     • Classification
       • Aggrecano
         • Composition
           • Hyaluronan + Binding protein + Keratan sulfate and Chondroitin sulfate
         • Location
           • Cartilage and chondrocytes
         • Function
           • Hydration of the extracellular matrix of cartilage
       • Decorin
         • Composition
           • Small protein + 1 chain chondroitin sulfate or dermatan sulfate
         • Location
           • Conjunctive tissue. fibroblasts, cartilage, and bone
         • Function
           • Collagenous fibrillogenesis
           • Regulates fibril thickness
           • Interacts with transforming growth factor beta
       • Versican
         • Composition
           • Binding protein + oligosaccharides + chondroitin sulfate
         • Location
           • Fibroblasts, skin, smooth muscle, brain and mesangial cells of the kidney
         • Function
           • Cell-cell and cell-extracellular matrix interaction
           • Binds to fibulin-1
       • Syndecan
         • Composition
           • Proteoglycans + heparan sulfate and chondroitin sulfate
         • Location
           • Embryonic epithelia, mesenchymal cells, cells of developing lymphatic tissues, lymphocytes, and plasma cells
         • Function
           • Fixes collagens, heparin, tenascin and fibronectin
   • Glycoproteins
     • Composition
       • Proteins + Oligosaccharides
         • As lectins
       • Main associated sugars
         • Galactose Glucose Mannose Xylose N-acetylneuraminic acid Fucosa N-acetylgalactosamine acid N-acetylglucosamine acid
     • Associated pathology
     • Classification
       • Fibronectin
         • Composition
           • 2 similar peptides linked by a disulfide bond
         • Location
           • MEC
         • Function
           • Cell adhesionibrin
           • Media migration
           • Binding for Integrins, Type IV Collagen, Heparin, and Fibrin
       • Laminin
         • Composition
           • 3 polypeptides
         • Location
           • Basal laminae of all epithelial cells, outer laminae of muscle cells, adipocytes, and Schwann cells
         • Function
           • Fixes cell surfaces to basal lamina
           • Has binding sites for type IV collagen, haparan sulfate, heparin, enactin, laminin and integrin receptors on the cell surface
       • Tenascin
         • Composition
           • 6-chain protein linked by disulfide bonds
         • Location
           • Embryonal mesenchyme, perichondrium, periosteum, musculotendinous junctions, wounds and tumors
         • Function
           • Modulates cell adhesion to ECM
           • Binding for fibronectin, heparin, growth factors, integrin, and CAM
       • Osteopontin
         • Composition
           • Single chain glycosylated polypeptide
         • Location
           • Bone
         • Function
           • Unites osteoclasts
           • Binding for calcium, hydroxypatite, and integrin receptors on the osteocyte membrane
       • Entactin / Nidogen
         • Composition
           • Sulfated glycoprotein
         • Location
           • Basal lamina
         • Function
           • Links lamina and type IV collagen Binding sites for perlecan and fibronectin

2. With Lipids

   • Glycolipids
     • Composition
       • Membrane lipids + olgosaccharides
         • Ceramide + Glycoside
           • Galactose Mannose Fucosa Glucose
     • Function
       • Gives the membrane
         • Fluency
         • Flexibility
         • Curvature
       • Protection of
         • Low pH
         • Recognition
         • Degradation by enzymes
     • Location
       • Plasma membrane
         • Especially neurons
     • Associated pathology
       • Related to the nervous system
     • Classification
   • Lipolysaccharides
     • Found only on the bacterial membrane

3. Interconversion of mannose, galactose, and clucose to nucleotic sugars

4. Synthesis of amino sugars and sialic acid

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