SEMANTICS AND PRAGMATICS

SEMANTICS AND PRAGMATICS

1. Dimensions of meaning

   • Reference
     • Is the whay the speakers and hearers use an expression succesfully.
   • Denotation
     • Is the knowledge they have that makes their use succesfully.
   • Connotation
     • Refers to the personal meaning, the emotional associations that the word arouses.

2. Sense relations

   • Relations between the meanings of two or more lexemes.
     • Paradigmatic relations: elements wich stand in opposition to each other.
     • Syntagmatic relations: elements mutually influence each other.

3. Lexical and gramatical meanings

   • A referring expression is a piece of language that is ised as if it is linked to something
   • The Predicate refers to something about the reference.

4. Dimensions of meanings

   • Morphemes
     • Is the smallest unit of meaning or gramatical function.
   • Homonyms
     • Words with the same spelling or pronunciation bur different meanings.
   • Homographs
     • Words that have different pronunciation but the same spelling.
   • Polysemous
     • A word or symbol means many different things.

5. Lexical ambiguity

   • A word of sentence is ambiguity if it has more than one meaning.

6. Sentence meaning

   • The meaning of a sentence derives from the meanings of its constituent lexemes and from the grammatical meanings it contains.

7. Icon, Index and Symbol

   • An icon is a sign wich would posses the caracters that gives it identity, even though it's object hadn't real existence in some cases.
     • An Index is a sign wich would lose the character with makes it a sign if it's object were removed, but not lose it if there were no interference.
       • A Symbol is a sign wich would lose the character that renders it a sign if there were no one no interpret it.

8. Metonymy

   • The metonymy is a figure of speech where a thing is referred to by the name of a closely associated thing..
     • Metaphor
       • Is a figure of speech that describes an object or action in a way that isn't literally true , but helps explain an idea or make a comparison.

9. Deixis, reference and sence

   • Reference
     • Is the concept that mediates between a word of expression and an entity that the word or expression stands for in a concrete utterance.
   • Referring expressions
     • In a given context, enable a listener or reader to identify someone or something.
   • Sense
     • Senses are the different ways to refer to the same object.
   • Reference in discourse
     • The use a referring expresion is a succesfull when it enables the addressee to identify the referent.
   • Deixis
     • Is expressing in english by way of personal pronouns, adverbs and tense

10. Transitivity, intransitivity and subjectivity

    • Transitivity
      • Transitive clauses contain an object that often is affected by the activity or the object can be turned into passive clauses.
    • Intransitivity
      • Intransitive clases are defined as those clauses which are defined negatively, and there is not prototype posited for them.
    • Subjectivity
      • Modality refers to the way in wich the enunciator manifests himself..

11. Modelos cognitivos

    • La relación entre un concepto y una experiencia relacionada con otro concepto.
      • Estructuras prepocicionales
      • Estructura imagen-esquema
      • Proyecciones metafóricas
      • Proyecciones metonímicas