Practical and Investigative Skills

Practical and Investigative Skills

1. Pieces of Apparatus

   • Burette
   • Glass Pipette
   • Condenser
   • Syringe
   • Funnel
   • Beaker
   • Conical Flask
   • Dropping Funnel
   • Round Bottom Flask

2. Seperation Techniques

   • 3. Fractional Distillation
   • 4. Seperating Funnel
   • 5. Centrifuge
   • 1. Filtration
   • 2. Distillation
   • 6. Magnetism
   • 7. Crystallisation
   • 8. Paper Chromatography

3. Planning an Investigation

   • Step 1: PLANNING
     • Figure out the AIM and PURPOSE of the experiment
     • Use SCIENTIFIC KNOWLEDGE
     • Make sure the experiment is SAFE
     • PREDICTION: Make a simple statement about what you think is going to happen
     • PREDICTION: Make a prediction based on numbers or possible graphs.
     • Ensure that you have a clear and well thought out METHOD
   • Step 2: EVIDENCE
     • The results you obtain should be reliable and accurate. You should also know how to deal with anomalous results
       • Reliability: repeated results that are very similar. REPEATED at least 3 times to calculate an average
       • Accuracy:quality of apparatus and skill of the person measuring.
     • Recording RESULTS
       • Results should be recorded in a table including repeated results
       • Results must be recorded and displayed in atable where the iNDEPENDENT variable is in the left column
       • A seperate column to calculate the average should also be drawn and calculated at the end of the experiment and when all the anomalous results have been identified and disregarded
   • Step 3: ANALYSIS
     • After results are collected, a GRAPH should be drawn to clearly represent the results
       • Use a sensible SCALE
       • Independent variable on x-axis while dependent goes on the y-axis
       • Included labels with UNITS for both axes
       • Include a title
       • Circle any ANOMALOUS results
       • Draw a line of best fit following the general trend of the points plotted without anomalous results
       • Come to a conclusion and state what the graph shows you and what you have found out. Relate back to your prediction
   • Step 4: EVALUATION
     • This should involved commenting on how well the investigation went
       • Evaluate how reliable and how accurate the results were
       • Think about what improvements you could make eg. precision and validity.
       • See how you could avoid the limitations you faced this time
     • Take your work further
       • Changing one or more reactants using the same method
       • Using a different method eg. datalogger
       • Obtaining a wider range of results to support your investigation

4. Hazard Symbols

   • Highly Flammable
   • Toxic
   • Corrosive
   • Harmful
   • Oxidising Agent
   • Irritant

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