Punctuation Marks

Punctuation Marks

1. Comma

   • Comma is a punctuation mark that separates words, ideas, or phrases within a sentence.
   • Rules
     • Use a comma to separate the name of a city from a country or state.
     • Use a comma to separate an introductory element from the rest of a sentence.
     • Use a comma to separate a quotation from the rest of a sentence.
     • Use a comma to separate the day of the week, day of the month, and the year.
     • Use a comma to separate independent clauses when they are joined by FANBOYS
     • Use a comma to separate a dependent clause from an independent clause
     • Use commas to separate items in a series of three or more things
     • Use a comma to separate any word or phrase from the rest of the sentence that is not essential to the sentence`s meaning.

2. Period

   • It's primary grammatical use, is to clarify the readers where one sentence ends and another begins
   • Rules
     • Use a period at the end of a logical and complete sentence.
     • Use a period at the end of an indirect question.
     • Use a period after abreviations

3. Colon

   • Colon is a punctuation mark consisting of two equally sized dots placed one above the other on the same vertical line. A colon often precedes an explanation, a list, or to introduce a quoted sentence.
   • Rules
     • Use a colon to introduce an item or a series of items.
     • Avoid using a colon before a list if it directly follows a verb or preposition
     • use a colon between independent clauses when the second sentence explains, illustrates, paraphrases the first sentence.
     • Capitalize the first word of a complete or full-sentence quotation that follows a colon.
     • Use a colon rather than a comma to follow the salutation in a business letter

4. Parentheses and brackets.

   • Parentheses are a punctuation mark used to contain text that is not part of the main sentence, but that is too important
   • Functions
     • parentheses offers extra information.
     • It can be used to cite authors.
     • It can be used to define or restate a word
   • Brackets are used in pairs to separate texts within a sentence while parentheses are types of brackets

5. Apostrophe

   • Indicates possession or that one or more letters have been left out of a word.
   • Rules
     • To show ownership with a plural noun already ending in "s" add only the apostrophe.
     • Use it to show possession for a plural noun that does not end in s.
     • Never use an apostrophe with possessive pronouns.
     • Use it to make a contraction.

6. Quotation mark

   • The main function of quotation marks is to highlight and represent the exact language (spoken or written) that comes from another person.
   • Rules
     • once opened, they must be closed.
     • After opening quotation marks to cite words or sentences said by a person, it should be started with a capital letter
     • Do not start with capital letters after opening quotation marks when only quoting a phrase or part of a sentence.
     • If a direct quotation is interrupted mid-sentence, do not capitalize the second part of the quotation.

7. Semi-colon

   • It is a punctuation mark that shows you there's a pause in a sentence; semicolons separate two complete clauses.
   • Rules
     • Semicolons Should connect related independent clauses
     • Semicolons connect related independent clauses
     • It can be used to divide the items of a list if the items are long or contain internal punctuation.

8. Question mark and Exclamation mark

   • Question Mark
     • A question mark is a punctuation mark that is used following a question in a sentence.
     • Rules
       • Use a question mark only after a direct question.
       • A question mark replace a period at the end of a sentence.
       • Avoid the common trap of using question marks with indirect questions.
       • Use it with tag questions
   • Exclamation Mark
     • Rules
       • The exclamation point should be mainly used to demonstrate surprise.
       • The exclamation mark is used at the end of a strong command.
       • The exclamation mark is used at the end of an interjection.
     • It is a punctuation mark which is used to express strong feelings or emotions.

9. Dash

   • It is a mark of separation stronger than a comma, less formal than a colon, and more relaxed than the parentheses.
   • Em-dash
     • Functions
       • can be used to replace parentheses, colons, and commas.
       • can be used to join independent clauses.
       • can be used to set off extra information in a sentence.
       • can be used to mark a list placed in the middle of a sentence where commas are already used.
       • can be used to emphasize a point in a sentence.
   • En-dash
     • Compared to the uses of the em-dash, the uses of the en-dash can be considered formal.

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