Differences in Learners

Differences in Learners

1. Age

   • Success
     • Young Learners
       • Informal and naturalistic L2 learning
       • Brain plasticity
       • Simplified input more lilely
       • Not analitycal
     • Older Learners
       • Formal instructional settings (L2 learning)
       • Learning Capacity
       • Analytic capacity
       • Pracmatic Skills
   • Critical Period
     • Case of study L1
       • Genie
     • SLA

2. Learning Strategies

   • Affect L2
   • Strategies in SLA
     • Metacognitive
       • Regulate language learning
     • Cognitive
       • Use of direct analysis
     • Social/affective
       • Interaction with others
   • Influenced by learner’s motivation, cognitive style and personality
   • Some strategies are conscious

3. Sex

   • Social construct
     • Cultural
     • Sociopsychological
   • Men
     • Computing compositional rules
   • Women
     • Memorizing complex forms
     • Verbal fluency
   • Hormonal variables
     • Androgen
       • Automatized skills
     • Estrogen
       • Semantic/interpretive skills

4. Aptitude

   • Phonemic coding ability
     • Process auditory input
       • Segments
   • Inductive L learning ability
     • Central Processing
   • Grammatical sensitivity
     • Central Processing
   • Associative memory capacity
     • Output

5. Motivation

   • Level of effort
   • Components
     • Goal
     • Desire to attain the goal
     • Learning L2 is relevalt to fulfilt the goal
     • Belief: success or fail
     • Value outcomes/rewards
   • Types
     • Interactive
       • Interest
     • Instrumental
       • Perception
     • Dependent on complex personal and social factors

6. Cognitive Style

   • Refers to perceive, conceptualize, organize and recall information
   • Traits
     • Field dependent- field independent
     • Global -Particular
     • Holistic- Analytic
     • Deductive- inductive
     • Focus on meaning- Focus on form
   • Options to adapt their categories of linguistics
     • Extending the existing categories
     • Creating new categories in phonological structures

7. Personality

   • SLA Factors
     • Anxious- Self confident
     • Risk avoiding- Risk taking
     • Shy- Adventuresome
     • Introverted- Extroverted
     • Reflective- Impulsive
     • Creative - Uncreative
   • Anxiety
     • Direction of cause and effect is uncertain
     • Instructional context influeces anxiety level
     • Sytematical cultural differences
     • Low anxiety and high self-confidence increase motivation