Molecular structure

Molecular structure

1. Atoms

   • The atom is the simplest particle that makes up matter. At present it is known that the atom is formed by electrons, protons and neutrons, which in turn they are composed of smaller particles, quarks. (Significados, 2023)
     • Link
       • A chemical bond is the force that binds atoms together to form chemical compounds. This bond gives stability to the resulting compound. Energy needed to break a chemical bond is called binding energy. (Ondarse Alvarez, 2021)
         • Lewis:
           • Lewis is recognized for is model of the covalent bond and his concept of electron pairs, others contributions have shaped modern theories of chemical bonds. The foundation of the model is the electronic pairs, the stability of the compounds is explained because they complete 8 electrons in their outermost shell with regard to coordination compounds. (colombia, S .F)
             • Photon:
               • In the same way that the union of two or more atoms forms a molecule, by analogy the union of two or more photons is called a photonic molecule, that is, they are not molecules like those we are used to conceiving in chemistry ( HCL, O2) so they do not undergo chemical reactions with each other. (enlace, 2023)
     • Octet:
       • Rule is a concept that has different meanings. In this case we are interested in highlighting its meaning as a precept or normative. Octet, on the other hand, is something that is made up of eight components, the octet rule or octet rule is a postulate used in the context of chemistry. This is the tendency evidenced by the atoms to complete their energy level with eight electrons to achieve stability. (Perez, Porto, 2021)
     • Parts of the atom
       • Atomic orbital:
         • The atomic orbital is the region and energetic space that is around the atom, and in which there is a greater probability of finding an electron, which performs undulatory movements. (Significados.com, 2023)
       • Quantum numbers:
         • Quantum numbers are numerical values that indicate the characteristics of the electrons of the atoms, this is based on the atomic theory of Neils Bohr, which is the most accepted and used atomic model in recent times due to its simplicity. (es Q. , 2023)
       • Energy level:
         • Energy levels (also called electron shells) are fixed distances from the nucleus of an atom where electrons can be found. Electrons are tiny, negatively charged particles in an atom that move around the positive nucleus at the center. (texts, S.F)
       • Electron:
         • The electron is the negatively charged particle that orbits the atomic nucleus. Electrons determine the chemical reactivity between atoms and their electromagnetic properties. (Significados, 2023)
           • Job function:
             • The work function is the minimum energy that must be given to an electron to release it from the surface of a particular metal. In the photoelectric effect, if a photon with energy greater than the work function is incident on a metal photoelectric emission occur. Any excess energy is given to the electron as kinetic energy. (es, 2008)
           • Compton shift:
             • In the Compton Effect, the electron, initially at rest, gains energy at the expense of the incident photon. In the inverse Compton effect, photons gain energy in their collision with electrons moving at near – light speed. (Yhongling, 2000)
         • Valencia:
           • In chemistry, we speak of valence to refer to the number of electrons that an atom of a given chemical element possesses in its last energy level. Another way to interpret valence is as the number of electrons that an atom of a given chemical element must give up or accept to complete its last energy level. (Whitten, 2023)
             • Quantum numbers:
               • Quantum numbers are numerical values that indicate the characteristics of the electrons of the atoms, this is based on the atomic theory of Neils Bohr, which is the most accepted and used atomic model in recent times due to its simplicity. (es Q. , 2023)
       • Proton:
         • A proton is a subatomic particle. That is, is it a particle that is inside the structure of the atom. It is characterized by having a positive charge and a mass almost two thousand times larger than an electron. (Significados, 2023)

2. Molecules

   • A molecule is the smallest part of a substance and it determines the properties of it. It is composed of two or more atoms bonded together, the simplest molecule is that of hydrogen gas, where two hydrogen atoms come together while sharing their electrons. (Fernandez, 2023)
     • Wavelength:
       • The length of a wave is the spatial period of the wave, that is, the distance at which the waveform repeats normally two consecutive points are considered to have the same phase: two maximums, two minimums, two crosses by cero ( in the same sense). For example, the distance traveled by blue light (traveling at 299.792.458 m/s) during the time between two consecutive maxima or your electric (or magnetic) field is the wavelength of that blue light. (laboratorios, 2022)
     • Radiation:
       • Radiation is energy that travels in a way that can be described as waves or a set of particles. We are exposed to it in our daily lives. Among the best known sources of radiation are the sun, the microwave ovens in our kitchens and the radios we listen to in our cars. (Galindo, 2022)