Bilingualism

Bilingualism

1. Definition & Types

   • Definition
     • Relative concept (function & degree)
     • Native-like control (Bloomfield)
     • Functional use of two languages (Haugen, Mackey)
   • Types
     • Early / Late
     • Simultaneous / Successive
     • Balanced / Dominant
     • Additive / Subtractive
     • Receptive / Productive
     • Coordinate / Compound / Subordinate

2. Bilingual Development

   • Unequal input
   • Different domains
   • Language exposure
   • Community & prestige

3. Speech, Grammar & Vocabulary

   • Same stages as monolinguals
   • Phonological reorganization
   • Input-dependent development
   • Unequal vocabulary per language
   • Strong effect of input
   • Subtle phonetic differences

4. Mixed Utterances

   • Code-switching
   • Not cognitive confusion
   • Communicative strategy
   • Early language differentiation

5. Lexical System

   • Lexical Representation
     • Single-store model
     • Three-store model
     • Two-store model
   • Lexical Access
     • Cross-language activation
     • Semantic priming experiments
     • Stroop experiments
     • Languages cannot be “switched off”

6. Bilingual Cognition

   • Executive control advantage
   • Cognitive flexibility
   • Slower verbal fluency

7. Key Concepts

   • Bilinguals ≠ two monolinguals
   • Multi-competence
   • Cognitive & linguistic uniqueness
   • Context-dependent outcomes