Directives & Direct Effect

Directives & Direct Effect

1. Article 288

   • directives are binding

2. not directly applicable

   • do not automatically become law
     • MS chooses how to implement law

3. van Gend en Loos test

   • precise, clear, unconditional & create rights
   • they are conditional so fail Van Gend test

4. Vertical effect

   • directive can never be horizontial direct effect

5. severely limited

6. van Duyn v Home Office

   • free movement of workers
     • Art 45
     • Directive 64

7. Marshall v Southhampton & SW Hampshire

   • different retirement ages
     • Art 267
   • "emanation of the state"
     • provides public service; under state control & has special powers

8. Foster v British Gas

   • similar to Marshall
   • emanation of the state
   • ECJ - "Subject to the authority or control of the state"