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1. Temperature

   • Temperature is the property that determines whether or not anobject is in thermal equilibrium with other objects
   • Zeroth Law: Two objects in thermal equilibrium with each other are at the same temperature
   • Thermal Expansion: The thermal expansion of an object is a consequence of the change in the average separation between its constituent atoms or molecules

2. Heat

   • Definition: The process by which energy is exchanged between object because of temperature difference
   • Thermal equilibrium exists when two objects are in thermal contact with each other and there is no net exchange of energy between them

3. Ideal Gas

   • If a gas is placed in a container; It expands to fill the container uniformly; the pressure will depends on the size of the container, the temperature, the amount of gas; the pressure, volume, temperature and amount of gas are related to each other by an equation of state.
   • Characteristics
     • Collection of atoms or molecules that move randomly
     • Exert no long-range force on one another
     • Each particle is individually point-like
   • PV = nRT
   • PV = NkBT
   • Pressure: Proportional to the number of molecules per unit volume and to the average translational kinetic energy of a molecule
   • Kinetic Theory: The number of molecules in the gas is large and the average separation between them is large compared to their dimensions

4. Scales

   • Temperature scale: Thermometers can be calibrated by placing them in thermal contact with an environment that remains at constant temperature
   • Celcius Scale: Temperature of an ice-water mixture is defined as 0°C
   • Kelvin scale: When the pressure of a gas goes to zero, its temperature is –273.15°C.
   • Fahrenheit scales: Temperature of the ice point is 32° F. Temperature of the steam point is 212°F. 180 divisions between the points.