GRAMMAR

GRAMMAR

1. The study the structure and system of a language, or of languages in general, considering syntax and morphology

2. Greek and Latin: Those languages are the root of other grammar since they were the way of communicating and sharing knowledge.

   • The Prescriptive Approach: Grammarians dictate the rules of how to write english correctlybased on the Traditional Analysis of makin an analogy between languages.
   • The Descriptive Approach: How it is, indeed, Language used by the speakers
     • Structural Analysis: this studies how the parts of speech are put in the sentence and if they make sense, so the Test Frame (examination of a part of speech in the sentence to see if it fits correctly) must be done.
       • Yves has twelve ________ at home. In the blank of this sentence, it could correctly fit the word "cats" because it is a noun in plural but it would not fit the adjective "stately" because it makes no sense
     • Constituent Analysis: here every part of speech is taken in group which is called "phrases" So we get: Noun Phrases, Prepositional Phrases, Verb Phrases.
       • A Sentence = Noun Phrase + Verb phrase

3. Parts of Speech: the blocks that form the language only if they follow the correct grammatical structure

   • Nouns
     • Words that name things such as objects, ideas, places etc
   • Artcles
     • words that help classifying the Nouns
   • Adjectives
     • they describe, modify or judge nouns.
   • Verbs
     • indicate Action in the sentence
   • Adverbs
     • they modify adjectives, verbs; indicating how the action was done
   • Prepositions
     • show the relationship (time and place) between nouns or pronouns to another word.
   • Pronouns
     • Words that refer to people or place already said / they can substitute nous
   • Conjunctions
     • they link other words ( and, because ...)

4. Agreement: The harmony in the sentence with Number , Person, Tense , Voice & Gender

   • Grammatical Gender: Indicates the kind noun if it is Masculine or Neuter or feminine. ( when it comes to Natural gender : male or female which are based on the sex)