Intraspecific

Intraspecific

1. Intraspecific Competition

   • Behaviour
     • Agonistic
     • Aggressive
     • Social dominance
       • Used by many species that live in social groups
       • Hierarchy that allows individuals to know their place
         • Individuals at the top have access to lots of resources
         • While those at the bottom have a chance to move up
         • Usually established at the beginning of the organisms lives through fights but if a newcomer joins, opportunity to move up
   • Competition
     • Mates
       • Gametes
         • Sperm
         • Egg
       • Energy cost per gamete
         • Low
         • High
       • Amount made
         • Many
         • Few
       • Reproductive interest
         • Fertilise as many eggs as possible
         • Ensure the sperm that fertilises the egg is of the highest quality
     • Territory
       • Area occupied by an animal and defended against others
       • Territorial defense
         • 1. Keep out signal
           • E.g. scent of urine
         • 2. Threat Display
           • E.g. making themselves bigger - cat puffing out their fur
         • 3. Fighting
       • Adaptive Advantage
         • Benefits within territory e.g food, shelter, breeding/mating area
       • Costs
         • Energy and time spent in it's defense

2. Between organisms of the SAME species

3. Intraspecific Co-operation

   • Reproductive Strategies
     • K - selection
       • Characteristics
         • Large size of organism
         • Energy used to make each individual is high
         • Few offspring are produced
         • Late maturity, often after a prolonged period of parental care
         • Long life expectancy
         • Individuals can reproduce more than once in their lifetime
         • Type I or Type II survivorship pattern: individuals live to the near maximum of their lifespan
       • Attempt to ensure the survival of their offspring by investing time in them, instead of lots
       • Stable environment, density dependant interactions
       • Adaptive Advantages
     • r - selection
       • Characteristics
         • Small size of organism
         • Energy used to make individuals is low
         • Many offspring are produced
         • Early maturity
         • Short life expectancy
         • Each individual only reproduces once
         • Type III survival pattern: Most individuals die within a short amount of time but a few live much longer
       • Creates an abundance of offspring with the hopes that a few will make it
       • Adaptive Advantage
       • Unstable environment, density independent
     • r ____._________._________.______.________.__________._________._________._______.____ K bacteria mollusks insects fish amphibians reptiles mammals apes humans
   • Courtship
   • Parental Care

4. All about passing on alleles into the gene pool

5. Group membership

   • Pros
     • Safety
       • Specific roles within groups
       • Dilution effect
         • One predator and 100 people in a population, there is a 1 in 100 chance of being preyed on, rather than one predator and one individual, there is a 1/1 chance of preyed on
       • Confusion effect
         • If a predator approaches a group, they gap it in lots of different directions therefore resulting in the predator becoming confused
     • Mating
       • Mates availability
       • Extra protection for young
       • Learning opportunities for young
     • Hunting ease
       • Saving energy
     • Decreased exposure to elements
     • Aerodynamics
   • Cons
     • Intraspecific competition
     • More visible for predation
     • Spread of disease
   • Generally intraspecific, organisms of the same species