Atomic Structure

Atomic Structure

1. Atomic Models

   • Dalton
     • Early 19th century
     • atoms solid spheres
       • different atoms make different elements
   • Thomson
     • 1877
     • plum pudding model
     • solid sphere of +ve charge
       • smaller -ve particles - electrons
   • Rutherford
     • 1909
     • gold foil experiment
     • tiny, dense +ve nucleus
   • Bohr
     • fixed orbitals
       • electrons move between energy levels electromagnetic radiation emitted/absorbed
         • fixed frequency
       • fixed energy
     • Refined
       • sub-shells
   • Quantum
     • probability
     • don't know what direction or where electron is

2. Mass Spectrometry

   • Stages
     • 1. Vaporisation
     • 2. Ionisation
     • 3. Acceleration
     • 4. Deflection
     • 5. Detection

3. Electronic Structure

   • Exceptions
     • Cu
     • Cr
   • sub-shells pairs fill singly

4. Ionisation Energies

   • Second ionisation energies
     • greater than first IE
       • how much
     • electronic configuration
   • trends
     • down group 2
       • further away
       • inner shell shielding
       • decreases
     • across period 3
       • increases
       • number protons increases
         • nuclear attraction
       • exceptions
         • Mg
           • shielding
           • higher energy
           • periods 1&2
         • S
           • repulsion
           • periods 5&6
   • factors
     • shielding
     • nuclear charge
     • distance from nucleus

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