Ancient Egypt_1

Ancient Egypt_1

1. Pharaohs

   • Duties
     • Make the Nile flood
     • Egypt's army -being able to defend against enemies
     • Enough food to feed the people
     • Ensure the gods look kindly on the people
     • Ma'at (truth) was a main part of Egyptian life
   • Headdresses/Crowns
     • Atef Crown - white headdress - decorated with ostrich feathers - worn during religious events
     • Red Crown - symbolised pharaoh's control over Lower Egypt
     • White Crown - symbolised pharaoh's control over Upper Egypt
     • Double Crown - symbolised joining of two lands, pharaoh's control over them
     • Blue crown (the Khepresh) (the war crown) - blue cloth or leather headdress - decorated with bronze or gold discs - worn in battles, ceremonies
     • Nemes Headdress - blue + gold striped head cloth - main crown of pharaoh
   • Pharaohs - considered gods living on the Earth

2. Geography

   • Located in North Africa
   • Over 90% of Egypt is desert
   • Nile river
     • Nile flows South to North, wind blows North to South - easy travel
       • Easiest + main form of transport - boats
     • Nile river runs through centre of Egypt
   • Red Land
     • Harsh landscape - contained little to no water
     • unsustainable area, society could not be created there
   • Black Land
     • Soil was black, full of nutrients, great for farming
     • On the banks of the Nile - large water supply, sustainable area for a society

3. Religion

   • Afterlife
     • Afterlife was believed in
     • Field of Reeds - Ancient Egyptian Religion's version of Heaven
     • Heart weighing ceremony - heart compared to Ma'at feather
       • Heart weighs the same as Ma'at feather - granted access to Field of Reeds
       • Heart heavier than Ma'at feather - heart eaten by Ammut (a mythical beast) - you vanish from existence
     • When a pharaoh dies, they become part of Osiris - Every pharaoh that has ever lived became a part of Osiris once they died
     • No Hell, just Field of Reeds
     • Afterlife can still be dangerous - scorpions, crocodiles, monsters...
     • Had the same job in the afterlife as in the world of the living - e.g: farmer, craftsperson, slave...
     • Can take things from the world of the living with you to the afterlife - e.g: pots, jars, food, pans...
     • Mummification/embalming
       • When you die "Ba" and "Ka" (your soul) leave body
         • If you go to Field of Reeds, your soul has to find your body to rejoin and live forever
       • Washed in Nile water, Palm wine
         • Intestines, stomach, liver, lungs removed via incision in left side
           • Brain removed using a hook through the nose
             • Body stuffed with natron salts - left for 70 days to dry out
               • 40 days in - body stuffed with sand - covered in natron salts - left to dry out for the last 30 days
           • Canopic jars - figurines
             • Human figure - liver
             • Baboon figure - lungs
             • Jackal figure - stomach
             • Falcon figure - intestines
   • Gods
     • Ra - sun god - hawk head -headdress with sun disc resting on head
     • Thoth - god of writing, knowledge - ibis head - holding writing palette
     • Anubis - jackal head - god of mummification
     • Osiris - man in white - wears Atef Crown - holds crook and flail - god of the dead, ruler of underworld
     • Sobek - crocodile head - god of military prowess, the Nile
     • Horus - hawk head - god of the sky, ruler of the world of the living
     • Seth - god of chaos, desturction
     • Isis - goddess of rebirth, reincarnation
     • Hathor - cow horns and sun disc - goddess of fertility, dance + song, women, childbirth, perfume, joy, love
     • Ma'at - feather of truth - balance between good (order) and bad (chaos) - represented as a goddess - goddess wears Ma'at feather, sometimes has wings
   • Main part of every Egyptian's life

4. Social Structure

   • Pharaohs - sole ruler
   • Vizier, senior officials, high priests and nobels
   • Scribes
   • Skilled artisans and craftspeople
   • Peasant farmers and workers
   • Servants and slaves

5. Trade

   • Sinai Desert
     • - Metal (gold, tin, silver, lead copper) - Turquoise
   • Libya
     • - Lion and Leopard skins
   • Nubia
     • - Metal (gold, tin, silver, lead copper) - Slaves - Ivory
   • Byblos (Lebanon)
     • - Cedar Wood (for boats)
   • Bactria (Iran)
     • - Lapiz-Lazuli - Kohl
   • Punt
     • - Incense - Myrrh - Oils - Ebony

Imágenes y archivos del mapa