IPA

IPA

1. Interview someone for approx 1 hour, diff way of interviewing someone 6-10 participants

2. Sociologists use DA etc but Phenomenological psychology (experience) concerned with understanding peoples behaviour experience rather than testing psychological mechanisms

   • Concerned with how you can know things - lived experience Explicate the concrete and the particular  Knowledge an experience v sensitive to the present moment, constructed in the moment no truth in the matter. For a aprticular purpose to a particular person. Knowledge is co-constructed by speaking subjects
   • We are understanding PEOPLE not objects or text. people have experience an are self aware

3. Approach to data

   • Particpants: maximun variation vs homogeneous (N = 3-6) Relexivity- reflect on own thoughs about yourself, try to imagine how things may be different  Ethics- respect for tohers expeirence Interviewing - researcher and participant co-create understanding  Transcription- revive the speaking subject. Not 'sonic' qualties eg. CA DA Analysis- unconceal the phenomenon

4. Phenomenology (Husserl 1859-1938): is to return to things themselves. Phenomenon means the aprearance.

   • Intentionality: what is experienced an the way (consciousness is always of something)
     • Reality is experience and therefore bound up with perceptual and mental processes
       • phenomenologists resist the subject object dualism that is central to the scientific project

5. Phenomenon: dual aspect figure illustrate no truth in the matter, it's a matter of how we engage with picture determine what we see. Encounter is unique

   • Our gaze constantly interrogate the visual field to make perceptual sense of it The world we know is already interpreted

6. Phenomenal Reduction: a method to reduce the phenomenon to essence

   • Used by phenomenological psychologists (e.g IPA research) Phen philosophers  Psychotherapists (Gestalt) The phenomenological reduction invovles bracketing the natural attitude. ie. the experience of loss in other situations, it is familiar? Imagine how things could be different an therapist do that, deconstruct your expeirences Once you know natural attitude you can put it in brackets Re experience something in a different way there is dimensionality to your experience.  Epoche rule :Need to be aware what preconceptions are so you can be aware an bracket them (put them aside). allow yourself to be refuted.
   • Rule of description
     • Describe dont explain. Immediate and concrete. Avoid speculation, theory, interpretation. Stay with whats present to senses
     • Rule of Horizontalization
       • Avoid ordering or imposing hierarchies of significance on what is experienced Trear each experience initially, as having equal sig You have a gigantic jigsaw puzzle and no prior knowledge of the image
       • Imaginative Variation
         • To free oneself from the natural attitude, imagine the opposite of what you are eg gender How does this shift perception? Purify the phenomenon by seperating what is essential from what is contingent

7. Existential Phenomenology: Heidegger (1889- 1976)

   • People are in separable from the world they inhabit therefore it's not possible to bracket off completely our ways of seeing, and idenity the phenomenon as Husserl proposed. Heidegger identitfied the ontological structures of BEING (human existence) e.g. care, death, mood, being-with

8. Interviewing Phenomenology: offers a non-dualist understanding of the world and beings within it. The world is already an interpreted world. Concerned with experience as it appears

   • Hermeneutics: examines the process of interpretation.
     • Engages with our subjectivity and pre-comprehension. Draws on the philosophies of "dialogue" 

9. being phenomenological: enquire into "lived experience"

   • interview principles: bodily self awareness, empathy, reflexivity, bracketing, openness dialogue
     • attend to the "life-world". concrete particulars "what" and "how"
     • Clean Questioning: using clients own words

10. Analysis: Engage in "hermeneutics", participant transcripts

    • principles
      • hermeneutic circle (going between 'part' and 'whole'  Double hermeneutic (making sense) fore-structures and pre-comprehension openness to genuine discovery  
    • Ex projects/ Exploringidentity after adopion

11. Developing therapeutic listening :IPA to understand experience

    • Trainee counsellors
      • Learning to listen
      • Interviewing
        • Structured, semi-structured, unstructured: Technique: be flexible, establish rapport, use encouragers, funnel Q, open ended Q, informal convo style.
        • Phenomenological interviewing
          • Give space to chat and go with the flow. Ask for concrete example (how and what), ask one question at a time, don't be afraid of silence, respect privacy the BODY: Bodily empathy-attend to partcipants body Embodied self-wareness: attend to your own bodily experience Embodied intersubjectiveity-attend to the 'inbetween'
      • 'Open Attitude'
        • The capacity to distinguish between self and other led to an open attitude to the Other's difference, as well as their own sameness (empathy)
      • Noesis v Noema
        • Familarity with own rections while listening became aware of manner of listening that was less contaminated by themselves
      • Bracketing
        • Spoke of hearing you before i hear myself Counsellors more aware of own experience about to bracket together what was Self and what was Other
      • Reflexivity
        • embodied reflection while listening were better able to allow talkers to show themselevs without interference
      • Interpretive vs phenomenological
        • Listeners cultivated a balance between 'empathy' and 'suspicsion'. Tried to get inside world of talker (phen) at same time read between lines and listen below surface of what was said. for these listeners being interpretive was not oppostie to phenomenological 
    • Validity
      • Did the interviewer influence the subjects descriptions such that the descriptions do not truely reflect the subjects actual experience? Is the transcript accurate, does it convey the meaning of the oral presentation at the interview? In the analysis are there alternative conclusions to th ones derived? had the researcher demonstrated how these are less probable? Is it possible to go from themes to the transcript a nd to account for the contents of the original experience? Is the structural description situation specific or does it hold the experience in other situations?

12. IPA and 'being reflexive'

    • Be self-aware and reflective on how you and your role might impact the knowledge produced in the study e.g man/woman, white.black Bring reflexivity into your write-up eg. declare your stake in research Compare with the traditional view of the detached observer i.e. researcher co-constructs the phenomenon
    • Note the emerging themes of participants lived experience and master theme table across all participants