GI TRACT

GI TRACT

1. Single celled organisms able to absorb/diffuse nutrients, oxygen and water across single celled membrane

   • Pathway
     • Glottis/epiglottis
       • prevents food entering trachea
     • Oesophagus
       • Cylinidcal structure made up of circular/longitudinal muscle
     • Stomach
       • Cardiac sphincter: enterance
       • Pyloric sphincter: exit to SI
       • Probelms
         • Inflammation
           • Impair peristalsis
         • Distalation
           • Stretches muscle: complete loss of function
     • Duodenum
       • Pancreatic duct
         • Bicarbonate
           • Brunner Glands
       • Bile duct
         • Bile
           • Neutralises stomach acid
           • Gall Bladder
     • Large Intestine
       • Carnivores- rarely functional
       • Herbivores: Microbes ferment fibre
     • Colon

2. Prehension: act of taking food into mouth

3. Diseases

   • Oral Cavity
     • Lips
       • Ulceration
       • Trauma
       • Tumours
     • Gums
       • Gingivitis
       • Stomatitis
         • Inflammation of mucus membranes
       • Tumours
       • Ulcers
     • Hard Palate
       • Stick Injuries
       • Sheer force
   • Oesophageal
     • Oesophagitis
     • Myasthernia Gravis
       • Auto Immune disease
     • FB
   • Stomach
     • Gastric dilation volvulus
     • Bloat
     • FB
     • Ulceration
     • Neoplasia
     • Gastritis
   • Intestinal
     • Enteritis
     • Collitis
     • FB
     • Tortsion
     • Prolapse

4. Medication

   • Laxatives
     • Promote defecation by:
       • Increasing frequency
       • Altering faecal consistency
     • Liquid paraffin
     • Glycerine
   • Cathartics: enemas
     • Liquid evacuation
     • Constipation
     • Remove toxins
   • Emetics
     • Reflex
       • distension of stomach with saline
       • Centrally acting emetics-opiods
     • Anti
       • Severe v+
       • Chemotherapy
       • Metoclopramide
         • Centrally
         • Peripherally
         • Blocks dopamine
           • Block serotonin
         • enhance peristalsis in duodenum
         • Emeprid
       • Maropitant
         • Cerenia
         • NK 1 receptors in vomiting centre
         • Suspicion of FB
         • Alter GI motility- increase peristalsis in duodenum aiding with reflux
     • Stimulate chemoreceptor
     • Apomorphine

5. GI ulceration

   • Histamine receptor antagonists
     • Reduce HCL production, reduce stomach acid production
       • Ranitidine
         • More potent pro kinetic action
   • Proton pump inhibitors
     • Inhibitory effects
       • Omeprazole (Gastroguard)
   • Cytoprotective drugs
     • Damaged mucosa (bind to)- protect from further damage
       • Sucralfate (Antepsin)- acidic environment

6. Anti-spasmotic

   • Anticholinergic agents, and parasympathetic agents relax smooth muscle
   • Opiods slow GI transit reducing acetylcholine release
     • Loperamide (Immodium)
     • Increases segmental contractions
       • Increase intestinal absorption of luminal fluids, electrolytes and glucose
     • Decrease intestinal secretions

7. Other treatment

   • Activated Charcoal
     • Absorbs toxins, fluids, gases from GI tract
   • Vitamin B
     • Water soluble
     • Absorbed by small intestine- deficient in patients
   • Stimulants
     • IV diazepam
       • Not long term due to hepatotoxicity's
     • Probiotics
       • Canikur pro
       • Yumpro
         • Prebiotic- food for good bacteria