The Cell and Its Functions

The Cell and Its Functions

1. Organization of the Cell

   • Ions
     • The most important ions in the cell are potassium, magnesium, phosphate, sulfate, bicarbonate, and smaller quantities of sodium, chloride and calcium.
   • Proteins
     • TCAIF Proteins
     • Structural Proteins
     • Functional Proteins
   • Lipids
     • In addition to phospholipids and cholesterol, some cells contain large quantities of triglycerides, also called neutral fat. In the fat cells, triglycerides often account for as much as 95 per cent of the cell mass.
     • Synthesis by the Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
       • E.R. synthesizes especially phospholipids and cholesterol membrane
   • Water
   • Carbohydrates
     • Glycogen is a insoluble polymer

2. Physical Structure of the Cell

   • Membranous Strucures of The Cell
     • Many other membrane proteins are enzymes that catalyze a multitude of different chemical reactions
     • Cell Membrane
       • Proteins 55% Phospholipids 25% Cholesterol 13% Other Lipids 4% Carbohydrates 3%
       • Integral Proteins
         • Pores, with selective properties
         • Carrier Proteins for transporting
           • Sometimes, active transport
         • Receptor for water-soluble chemicals
           • Such as peptidee hormones
       • Peripheral Proteins
         • Enzymes
         • Controllers of transport of pores
       • Membrane Carbohydrates
         • Integral glycoprotein
         • Proteogycans- mainly carbohydrates
         • Functions
           • Many have negative electrical charge
           • Glycocalix attaches to one another cell's glycocalix
           • Receptor
           • Imune reactions
   • Cytoplasm and Its Organelles
     • Endoplasmic Reticulum
       • The vast surface area of this reticulum and the multiple enzume systems attached to tits membranes provide machiney for a major share of the metabolic functions of the cell
       • Synthesis of Lipids
       • Enzymes that control glycogen breakdown
       • Enzymes that detixfy substances
         • Coagulation
         • Oxidation
         • Hydrolysis
         • Conjugation
         • Others ways
     • Golgi Apparatus
       • Synthesizing certain carbohydrates
         • Hyaluronic acid
           • The major components of proteoglycans in mucus
           • The major components of ground substance
           • Principal components of the organic matrix in both cartilage and bone
         • Chondroitin sulfate
       • Exocytosis, in most cases, is stimulated by entru of calcium ions
     • Lysossomes
       • 40 different hydrolase enzymes
     • Peroxissomes
     • Mitochondria
   • Nucleus
     • Nucleoli
       • Does not have a limiting membrane

3. Digestion inside the Cell

   • Bactericidal Agents of Lysossomes
     • Lyzozyme
       • Dissolves bacterial membrane
     • Lyzoferrin
       • Binds Iron and other substances
     • Acid PH 5
       • Incative metabolic systems

4. Locomotion of Cells

   • Ameboid Locomotion
     • Attachment by receptor proteins
       • that line the insides of exocytotic vesicles
   • Cilia
     • Surfaces of respiratory airways and uterine tubes
     • Axoneme ( 9+2 microtubules and croos-linkages)
       • During foward motion of the cilium, the double tubules on the front edge slide outrward toward the tip of cilium, while those on the back edge remain in place
       • ATP and especially concentrations of ions
         • Magnesium and calcium
       • Dynein