Geography - Population & Settlement

Geography - Population & Settlement

1. Population Density

   • Affected by:
     • Water Availability
     • Housing Availability
     • Education Availability
     • Healthcare Availability
   • Densely Populated Countries
     • Vietnam
     • Japan
     • UK
     • Germany
     • Bangladesh
     • The Netherlands
   • Sparsely Populated Countries
     • Canada
     • Australia
     • Bolivia
     • Namibia
     • Russia
     • Greenland
   • Physical Geography has a great affect on this

2. Population Pyramids

   • What do they show us?
     • The population divided into 5 year age groups
     • Males VS Females
     • Percentage of each age group
     • Birth rate, death rate, life expectancy, infant mortality
     • Proportion of Elderly, young, and economically active
     • Migration Effects
     • Dependency ratio (dependency upon the E.A)
       • Usually about 50 - 75% in MEDC's
       • Higher in LEDC's
       • Higher ratio - higher amount of people that rely on the E.A.
   • Characteristics are defined by:
     • Total Population
     • Population Density
     • The sex ratio (males:females)
     • Age structure
     • Age-sex structure
   • Different types
     • Aging Population (MEDC's)
       • Advantages
         • More experience in the workforce
           • Growing market for leisure & health products
             • Construction boom in popular retirement locations
       • Disadvantages
         • Increased cost of healthcare - healthcare systems strained
           • More people required in healthcare - country is not as competitive on the job market
         • Solutions
           • Raise taxes
             • Abolish Pensions
               • Raise retirement age
     • Youthful Population
       • Avantages
         • Large and cheap future workforce
           • Provides a growing market of manufactured products - greater secondary industry
       • Disavantages
         • Strains education
           • strains food supplies
             • Strains housing availability
               • lack of jobs in the future
       • Solutions
         • Family Planning
           • Industrialisation - creates more jobs
   • High Birth & Death Rates
     • Working in farms
     • Caring for family
     • Disease
     • Urbanisation
     • Religion
     • Social Status
     • Tradition
     • Insurance

3. 5 Stages of Population Growth

   • Stage 1: High Birth Rate, High Death Rate
     • Population doesn't grow
     • Little/no access to birth control
     • High Infant mortality
     • Children required in the workforce
     • Having a child is a sign of manhood in some cultures
     • Some religions encourage large families
   • Stage 2: High Birth Rate, Lowering Death Rate
     • Population begins rapid growth
     • Improvements in medical care
     • Improvements to sanitation
     • Improvements to water supply
     • Improvements in transport & communication - easier access to medical supplies
   • Stage 3: Lowering Birth Rate, Lowering Death Rate
     • Population growth slows down
     • Increased access to contraception
     • Lower infant mortality
       • Smaller families required
     • Industrialisation - smaller workforce
     • Gender equality - now women don't have to support families
   • Stage 4: Low Birth Rate, Low Death Rate
     • Population growth stabilizes
   • Stage 5: Low Death Rate, Lower Birth Rate
     • Population begins to decrease

4. Migration

   • Push & Pull Factors:
     • Pull
       • Greater Job Opportunities
       • Higher Wages
       • Better Social Services
         • Education, housing, etc
       • Better Medical Services
       • Bright Lights Theory
     • Push
       • Unemployment
       • Low Wages
       • Natural Disasters
       • Mechanisation - lack of jobs
   • Urban to Rural Migration
     • People moving from cities to the countryside
     • Reasons
       • Less noise pollution
       • Less air pollution
       • Less congestion
       • More attractive surroundings
     • Almost always in MEDCs
   • Immigration - Movement into a country
   • Emigration - Movement out of a country
   • Transmigration - movement within a country
   • Forced Migration
     • War
     • Politics
     • Religious Persecution
     • Famine

5. Settlement

   • Urbanisation - the growth of cities and towns
     • Effects
       • Congestion
       • Lack of housing
       • Environmental Damage
       • Causes inequality in cities
         • In healthcare
         • In housing
         • In Employment
     • Causes counter urbanisation - the movement of people to the countryside
     • Solution - make cities more sustainable
     • Often due to industrialisation
   • Land Use
     • Most cities and towns follow the same trend
     • CBD (Central Business District) in the centre
     • CBD surrounded by Factories & Industry
     • Industry surrounded by Low Class Residential
       • Then Middle Class
         • Then High Class
     • Burgess model vs Hoyt Model
   • Sustainable Cities
     • Resources & services available for all
     • Public Transport is seen as a viable option to cars
       • It is safe & reliable
     • Walking & Cycling is safe
     • Open areas are safe, accessible & enjoyable
     • Renewable resources are used wherever possible
     • Waste is recycled wherever possible
     • Energy Efficient Homes
     • Accessible, Affordable Housing
     • Strong, tight-knit community
     • Accessible cultural & social Amenities
     • Inward investment is made to the CBD