Evidence of ethnic inequality in education

Evidence of ethnic inequality in education

1. Intelligence (outside)

   • Hernstein and Jensen
     • Black people have lower levels of IQ and therefore intelligence
   • Eysenck
     • What children take out of school is proportional to what they bring into schools in terms of IQ
   • Rushton
     • Black women have smaller hips therefore their babies have smaller brains and lower IQ

2. Material factors (outside)

   • Platt
     • Higher levels of poverty. Negative effect on education. They can't afford to participate in cultural capital. This applies to Bangladeshi's, Pakistani and black youths
   • Smith and Noble
     • Barriers to learning because of low income
   • Callender and Jackson
     • Fear of debt HE fees. 4x less likely to apply for Uni

3. Cultural factors (outside)

   • Parental attitudes and aspirations
     • Driver and Ballard
       • Indian parents have high aspirations for their children, they push them
     • Archer and Francis
       • Chinese parents took a stronger role in developing their academic success
   • Attitudes and aspirations of students
     • Strand
       • Those who have experienced poverty do not believe education will change attitude
   • Language barriers
     • Modood
       • Lack of English can impact essay writing as well as communication
   • Norms and values
     • Sewell
       • Culture of young black boys. Peer pressure and hyper-masculinity. Anti school subcultures
     • Hendessi
       • Bangladeshi and Pakistani girls. Their family norms are of prioritising marriage over education
     • Bolognani
       • The myth of return of Asian girls. Miss schooling for religious reasons teachers have Islamophobic attitudes about them returning
     • Pryce
       • Links to Sewell. West Indian families. High proportion of single parent families. A more turbulent background leads to disruption

4. Interactionist (inside)

   • Gillborn
     • Black boys are put in lower in lower sets in education. This based on teacher perceptions. Instantly limits their achievement. Self fulfilling propechy to live down to
   • Jasper
     • It is the culture of schools and institutional racism of teachers that causes underachievement- esp black boys who are demonised
   • Pilkington
     • Teachers formed negative stereotypes of Afro- Caribbean students were punished them more harshly. This created an us and them attitude

5. Institutional racism (inside)

   • Gillborn
     • Black boys are put into lower sets in education. This is based on teacher assumptions. It instantly limits their achievement
   • Jasper
     • Culture of schools and institutional racism of teachers that causes underachievement
   • Byrne
     • Migrant parents are not equal choosers. They are not supported by schools. Labelled as not caring just a lack of knowledge
   • Crozier
     • Bangladeshi and Pakistani students felt isolated from teachers and peers. Institutional racism + Islamophobic attitudes post 9/11
   • Coard
     • Ethnocentric curriculum. No connection and they feel culture is devalued and therefore don't achieve
   • Mirza
     • Black Afro-Caribbean girls. Face institutional racism from teachers but resist the label and work harder
   • Mac an Ghail
     • Black and Asian students, felt institutional racism and negative labelling. Resistance with accommodation

6. Flaws in the education system (inside)

   • Wright
     • Disadvantaged by education system as there was separate teaching of students whose English was not their first language
   • Abbott
     • Not enough is being done to make the feel included. Only learn one culture. Black history month is tokenistic