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Endocrine System | Hormone | Function & Pathology

Anterior Pituitary

Growth Hormone (GH): Growth of body cells: Hypo = dwarfism; Hyper = gigantism/acromegaly.

Prolactin (PRL): Initiates and maintains milk secretion of mammary glands.

Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH): Stimulates adrenal cortex to secrete hormones.

Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH): Controls secretion of hormones by the thyroid. Most sensitive test for Hypothyroidism.

Melanocyte Stimulating Hormone (MSH): Stimulates dispersion of melanin for skin color.

Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH): Women: stimulates development of ova, induce secretion of estrogen by ovaries. Men: stimulates the testes to produce sperm.

Luteinizing Hormone (LH): Women: stimulates estrogen, triggers ovulation & formation of corpus luteum (progesterone). Men: stimulates interstitial cells in testes to produce testosterone.

Oxytocin (OT): Stimulates uterine contraction during labor, aids mammary in milk ejection.

Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH): Decreases urine volume (increases water retention), raises blood pressure by constricting vessels.

Releasing and Inhibiting Hormones: Stimulates or inhibits secretion of specific hormones. Works with emotion.

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Hypothalamus

Inhibiting Hormones: (No specific function listed, but note: "inhibits secretion of insulin and glucagon" is written under GH Inhibiting Factor.)

Thyroid

Thyroid Hormones (Thyroxine T4, Triiodothyronine T3): Regulate metabolism, growth & development, activity of nervous system.

Calcitonin: Lowers blood levels of calcium, increases calcium storage in bones.

Parathyroid

Parathyroid Hormone (PTH): Increases blood levels of calcium, removes calcium from storage in bone, increases absorption from GI tract.

Pancreas (Islets of Langerhans)

Glucagon: Raises blood glucose - conversion of glycogen into glucose in liver.

Insulin: Lowers blood glucose - transport into cells, convert glucose to glycogen (B cells). Controls carbohydrate metabolism.

Adrenal Cortex

GH Inhibiting Factor: Inhibits secretion of insulin and glucagon.

Aldosterone: Increases sodium reabsorption and potassium loss.

Cortisol: Increases blood glucose levels and participates in carbohydrate metabolism.

Androgens and Estrogens: Secreted in minute amounts. - Reproduction.

Adrenal Medulla

Epinephrine and Norepinephrine: Increases the heart, blood pressure, and blood glucose levels. Great to counteract stress.

Testes

Testosterone: Regulates the male sex hormones, increases the rate of cellular metabolism and production of red blood cells, so the average cubic millimeter of blood is usually greater in males than in females.

Ovaries

Estrogen: Produces the female sex cells and sex hormones. Stimulates the enlargement of accessory organs, external structures and is responsible for the development and maintenance of female secondary sexual characteristics. Menstrual cycle.

Progesterone: Helps the uterus to prepare for pregnancy. Stimulates development of mammary glands, menstrual cycle.

Pineal Gland

Melatonin: A substance formed by the pineal gland that seems to depress gonadal & eventually inhibits reproductive fx. involved in circadian rhythms.

Thymus

Thymosin: A group of peptides secreted by the thymus gland that increases production of certain types of white blood cells.

*Hormones for cholesterol: Mineralcorticoids, glucocorticoids, androgens, estrogen, progesterone, VitD

Handwritten notes and highlights included:

"regulate by ACTH" (next to Adrenocorticotropic Hormone)

"adrenal" (next to Adrenocorticotropic Hormone)

"regulate by TSH" (next to Thyroid Hormones)

"storage form" (next to Calcitonin)

"removes calcium from storage in bone" (next to Parathyroid Hormone)

"stimulate T cell" (next to Thymosin)

"circadian rhythms" (next to Melatonin)

"reabsorption" (next to Aldosterone)

"adrenal stimulation" (next to Epinephrine and Norepinephrine)

"mammary gland" (next to Progesterone)

"stimulate T cell" (next to Hormones for cholesterol)

"1-2 pgs" and "outside into blood" (top left margin)

"Hypo = dwarfism; Hyper = gigantism/acromegaly." (under Growth Hormone)

"uterine contraction" and "mammary in milk ejection" (under Oxytocin)

"increases water retention", "raises blood pressure by constricting vessels" (under ADH)

"regulate metabolism, growth & development, activity of nervous system" (under Thyroid Hormones)

"increases calcium storage in bones" (under Calcitonin)

"removes calcium from storage in bone, increases absorption from GI tract" (under Parathyroid Hormone)

"transport into cells, convert glucose to glycogen (B cells). Controls carbohydrate metabolism." (under Insulin)

"inhibits secretion of insulin and glucagon" (under GH Inhibiting Factor)

"increases sodium reabsorption and potassium loss" (under Aldosterone)

"increases blood glucose levels and participates in carbohydrate metabolism" (under Cortisol)

"secreted in minute amounts. - Reproduction." (under Androgens and Estrogens)

"great to counteract stress." (under Epinephrine and Norepinephrine)

"regulates the male sex hormones, increases the rate of cellular metabolism and production of red blood cells, so the average cubic millimeter of blood is usually greater in males than in females." (under Testosterone)

"stimulates the enlargement of accessory organs, external structures and is responsible for the development and maintenance of female secondary sexual characteristics. Menstrual cycle." (under Estrogen)

"helps the uterus to prepare for pregnancy. Stimulates development of mammary glands, menstrual cycle." (under Progesterone)

"a substance formed by the pineal gland that seems to depress gonadal & eventually inhibits reproductive fx. involved in circadian rhythms." (under Melatonin)

"a group of peptides secreted by the thymus gland that increases production of certain types of white blood cells." (under Thymosin)

"Hormones for cholesterol: Mineralcorticoids, glucocorticoids, androgens, estrogen, progesterone, VitD"