Cell divison and organisation

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Page 42 Application

1a) B

b) C

2) Anaphase - spindles contract, pulling each chromatid to opposite ends of the cell, centromere first

Page 42 Fact recall

1) Process that all multicellular organisms use to divide and grow

2) Gap phase 1 and 2

3) To make sure there are no errors which can be passed on to new daughter cell

4) To replicate the cell

5) Nuclear envelope breaks down, centrioles form a spindle across the cell

6) metaphase

7) Anaphase

8) 2

9) False

10) Cytokinesis happens in centre of cell as needs to form cell wall, spindles form without centrioles and mitosis can only happen in meristem cells

Page 46 Application

1a) Mitosis as budding involves mitosis when replicated DNA organells and cytoplasm move into bud, pinching off a new daughter cell

b) Cell Y swelled to one side forming a bud, cell undergoes interphase and DNA + organells are replication, mitosis occurs moving the replicated organelles, cytoplasm and DNA into bud, budding cell contains new nucleus and cytokinesis occurs pinching the bud off from parent cell, forming cell X

2) C

Page 46 Fact recall

1) Mitosis

2) Genetically identical

3) A - vacuole b - nucleus c - cell membrane d - cytoplasm e - cell wall

4) Asexual reproduction involving mitosis, producing cell genetically identical to parent cell

5) Matching chromosomes that have the same genes, different alleles

6) Divison of cells in the reproductive organs to produce 4 new genetically different daughter cells

7) Genetically different, produces 4

Page 50 Application

1) Contain microvilli which cover the cells providing a large surface area for absorption of food

Page 50 Fact recall

1) Unspecialised cell that can develop into any type of cell

2) Where cells divide and become specialised to their job

3ai) Red blood cells

ii) White blood cells

b) Bone marrow

ci) biconcave disc shape providing larger surface area for exchange

ii) Flexible shape to engulf foreign pathogens

4) Cambium forms a ring inside root/shoots where cells divide and grow out from the ring, differentiating as they move away from the cambium

5a) As it can swim to egg cell

b) Contain an acrosome with digestive enzymes to penetrate egg cell

6a) To carry out photosynthesis

b) To absorb water and mineral ions from the soil

7) Have thin outer walls and thick inner walls so they are forced the bend outwars, opening the stomata for gas exchange and photosynthesis

Page 53 Fact recall

1) A group of cells specialised to work together to perform a function

2) False

3a) As it is made up of a single layer of flat cells covering a surface that are specialised to provide a thin diffusion distance for exchange

b) As it is made up of a layer of cells covered in cilia which are specialised to waft substances along

4) Xylem and phloem

5) A group of tissues working together to perform a function

6) Organs working together to perform a function

7) Respiratory system - as it is all the organs involved in gas exchange

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