VOCAB Terms Chapter 16

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muckrakers [muckraker: a journalist who wrote about social, environmental, and political problems Americans faced in the early 1900's]

urbanization [urbanization: the growth of cities]

infrastructure[infrastructure: the facilities or equipment required for an organization or community to function, including roads, sewage and power systems, and transportation]

The Jungle [The Jungle: Upton Sinclair's 1906 novel about unsanitary conditions in meatpacking plants]

extractive industries [extractive industries: businesses that take mineral resources from the earth]

political machines [political machines: an organization consisting of full-time politicians whose main goal was to retain political power and the money and influence that went with it]

Tammany Hall [Tammany Hall: a political machine in New York City]

patronage [patronage: the practice of politicians giving jobs to friends and supporters]

Pendleton Act [Pendleton Act: an 1883 federal law that limited patronage by creating a civil service commission to administer exams for certain nonmilitary government jobs]

civil service [civil service: nonmilitary government employees]

temperance movement [temperance movement: a reform movement calling for moderation in drinking alcohol]