p1 a-d

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p1a

temperature= measurement of hotness on an arbitrary or chose scale, average kinetic energy of particles

thermogram= hottest parts: white, yellow, red coldest parts: black, dark blue, purple

energy= mass x specific heat capacity x temperature change

energy = mass x specific latent heat

energy used to increase temperature converts to be used to break intermolecular bonds which changes the state

p1b

conduction= transfer of kinetic energy between particles, to include the role played by free electron.

ways to reduce the heat loss/energy loss in a home includes: cavity walls, loft insulation, double glazing.

calculations of: initial cost, annual savings, payback time

design of home, design of use of everyday appliances, energy saving statergies

efficiency= useful energy output/total energy output x 100

use Sankey diagrams

conduction= prevented by wearing an insulator (vibration of particles next to each other increases kinetic energy and temp

convection= prevented by gaps, due to heat rising, turns into a convection current

radiation= prevented by a shiny surface, caused by waves which penetrate and cause increased kinetic energy in particles

p1c

crest is the highest point on the wave

trough is the lowest point on the wave

the amplitude is the height of the wave from top to centre line

wavelength is the length from one successive crest to another or trough to trough

wave speed= frequency x wavelength

refraction= when light bends towards the normal after passing through a less dense medium to a more dense medium

reflection= wave is reflected (bounce off) angle of incidience = the angle of reflection

diffraction= when a wave asses through a gap in a barrier then spreads out. smaller the width of the gap compared to the wavelength of the wave the stronger the diffraction

p1d

communications= light signals sent in form of morse code, series of on/off signals which is why its a digital signal

relayed between stations to cover large distances

critical angle= smaller than the angle of refraction, when the angle of refraction is 90 degrees the angle of incidence is called the critical agel, light then travels along the surface of the glass

fibre optic= cabe us Toal Internal Reflection, the ight must be at an angle which is greater than the critical angle. this stops the light being transmitted though the glass.

lasers= produces a narrow beam of light of a single colour (monochromatic) waves have the same frequency, are coherent and have a low divergence

compact disks= info stored on the bottom surface, stored digitally, form pits, laser calculates time between reflection (longer when in a pit) relays a pattern.