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The Renaissance

A period of time in ancient Europe meaning “rebirth” These societies developed are not religious (sometime Sundays)

During this period of time the Europeans are trying to recover from the Black death. Occurred in 14th century

Machiavelli’s Advice

Machiavelli wrote a book telling rulers how to stay in power and rule an empire, he should be feared, and to stay in power they have to be forward.

His methods have been shown to work but many rebelled against him

Humanism

Intellectual movement based on the study of classics (ancient Greece and Rome),grammar, rhetoric, poetry, philosophy, history, math, astronomy, and music.

Nobility and Regular people participate in Humanism, to reach full potential through education

Renaissance man was the ideal person to be, so they could be part of an elite ruling class, Courtiers were the assistant to the king

(High government officials)

Vernacular Literature- Literature and even spoken words in different languages other than Latin, all of the Roman empires were Latin. Regular people couldn't master Latin so they started speaking Italian.

Johan Gutenberg- German man who helped the production of books increase because of moving printers, along with this he increased the knowledge of the population in Europe, also informing them more on their religion because The Bible was printed.

5 things a courtier should be proficient in

Understand and able to read musical notes as well as play instruments

They should be known as bold, strong, and loyal to anyone whom it may concern

Should know all bodily exercises that benefit war, be able to handle every weapon on horse and foot

Painting and drawing

Conversate in other languages

Scientific Challenges

Copernicus said the Sun is in the center (heliocentric theory).

Galileo backed it up using his telescope.

People argued if Earth or the Sun was in the center.

Heliocentric said the Sun is in the center, not Earth.

It’s not true that heliocentricity was wrong — that’s false.

Heliocentric was right; geocentric was proven wrong.

Issac Newton -explains this theory with his laws of gravity and motion."Anything in motion stays in motion

To analyze Ren. Art

Linear Perspective- Parallel lines are lines used by artists that appear at a vanishing point which is an illusion of shape, size, and position. The Trinity is the first painting to represent Linear Perspective.

Atmospheric haze- Atmospheric haze is when further in distance the sky becomes cooler because it is more blue and has less context.

Anamorphic art- Is a stretched image. The first example was Leonardo Da Vinci of an eye and a child's head. It is distorted image which appears normal only when viewed from a specific angle or with the aid of a reflective device, such as a mirror

Forced viewpoint- Forced viewpoint is the angle of your perspective of seeing things.

The Protestant Reformation

Christianity- (Christ- refers to Jesus) Christians believed in Jesus as their savior( When christians die they go to heaven because of him), he is a real person, divine, and god-like.

Part of the Trinity (God= Father, Son= Jesus, Holy Spirit)

Believe in Old Testament- Christians believe in “New testament

10 commandments= I am the Lord thy God

Thou shall not take the name of the Lord thy God in vain.

Remember to keep holy the Lord's day.

Honor thy father and mother.

Thou shall not kill.

Thou shall not commit adultery.

Thou shall not steal.

Thou shall not bear false witness against thy neighbor.

Jesus lived as a Jew in Rome, and people started noticing him working miracles because of this he gained followers ultimately he got people to believe in god. Became a target of Roman officials and they were mad so he became crucified. The Roman Empire became Christian in year 200

After the Empire fell western sign became Catholic and the east became Orthodox. At this point of Renaissance everyone was Catholic under the Pope (Spiritual authority)

7 Sacraments- Baptism, Conformation, Reconsciliation, Anointing of the Sick, Holy Orders, and Matrimony.

Protestants split away- Lutheran (Chrisitian) , Baptist, Presbyterian, Methodist, Pope began not teaching the religious ways people challenged them and then they became corrupt.

Christian Humanists- People who are educated in the Bible realized what the bible they supported the education to become more pious( deeply religious), made people more holy, people come up with religious questions

What must I do to be saved?

Erasmus- internal thoughts (leading good lives were more important than external behaviors, going on a pilgrimage, fasting, relics. He distinguished wrong rules not considering the sinning or following of ten commandments (Catholic did NOT change their ways)

“Praise a folly”- criticizes abuses of the church

Church Corruption

Wordly($, waging war- deemed wrong because “though shall not kill”) popes just looking for witches. Pay $ for church positions like being an official or a Bishop (high level church official of the Catholic Church) is bad because Bourgeoisos would just pay to be there.

Pluralism= One person holding a bunch of job positions

Collecting Relics is “good” because the more relics you collect the higher chance of going to heaven- doesn't mean anything though just because they collected relics

Selling indulgences= excuse for sin because all they did was sell paper with a number of prayers on it *Chrisitan humanists came and exposed their problem

Frederick of Saxony had 19000 relics such as Mary's breastmilk, straw from the stable at Bethlehem, pieces of the burning bush. He also had 10,000 masses said for him annually, just to reduce his time in purgatory by 2,000,000 years.

Martin Luther- Salvation by Faith and not good works put up a list of why selling relics was not the right way. Taught people that Bible is the authority, NOT Pope, people said if he doesn't stop he would be banned from Catholic Church

Proudly burned his letter, due to this the Pope decided to have a meeting in the city of Verne Catholic officials met and made him an outlaw and excommunicated him (Only choice is to start a new church),

Lutheran church forms- allowed priests to marry and kept 2/7 of Catholic sacraments. Baptism( One must baptise himself in the name of the lord) and Lord Supper( Grape Juice= Blood, Bread= Body)

The spread of Protestant Reformation

Predestination- people are destined to go to heaven or hell before they are even born and the ones who follow John Calvin believe this (Calvinism)

King Henry VIII in England, was catholic and he married his wife to bond religions with Spain. Wanted to divorce 1st wife which was not allowed and the only way to divorce was to make his own religion. Became leader instead of the Pope - no male heir due to birth of many daughters. He had 6 wives named Catherine of Aragon, Anne Boleyn, Jane Seymour, Anne of Cleves, Catherine Howard, and Catherine Parr, all of them died in their relationship.

Has a child named Mary “Bloody Mary”, got her name by killing people that embraced protestants, Elizabeth came into power by killing Mary

Bythe Act of supremacy, the king is head of the Church of England (Anglican) and state. Current king is Charlies III

Catholic Reformation

Mid 16th century attempt to revitalize Catholic Church using 3 pillars, very aggresive and harsh and did almost anything ot force them back in.

Reform Papact-includingmore spiritual Church officials, they need to master spirtual job not their job to do war

Jesuits- Ignatius Loyola stressed absolute obedience to Church and sent missionaries to restore Catholic members

The Council of Trent- reaffirmed Catholic believes, acknowledged them and changed them, no more selling indulgences - they kept the 7 sacraments and thebelief that faith and good virtues= salvation

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