behav

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ch. 6

1. classic conditioning

unconditioned stimulus [not trained, normal response] e.g. seeing food = salivation

taking 5FU = N&v

response is elicited

chemo session at hospital A = N&V [e.g. x10]

visiting friend at hospital A = N&V

remove UCS to extinict

e.g. stop chemo = no N&V

e.g. stop the food = dog won't salivate

2. operant conditioning: [skinmer?]

response + reinforcement

emits response

[e.g. of -ive reinforcement: nagging to clean room ]

*punishment = decreases response/behavior

*-ive or +ive reinforcement = increases response/behav.

*removing smth upsetting to learn a response or behavior = -ive reinforcement

removing the reinforcement/stimulus = extinction of operant conditioning/learning

reinforcement schedules:

a. continuous = *learning is easy & extinction is fast

b. intermittent = *learning is harder & extinction is slower

amount[ratio]

fixed: $10 earned for 5 shoes made

variable: lottery, slot machines, etc. [you never know when and how much] --> inc. response

[learning is hardest? & extinction is slower]

interval of time:

fixed: end of year exam

variable: 5 pop quizzes throughout the year

[learning is harder & extinction is slower]

3. modelling/observational learning

monkey see, monkey do

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behav. modification

for classical cond.:

1. systemic desens.

a. list of things that make you anxious [least to most]

b. relax when you feel anxious [ smallest anxieties 1st]

[e.g. fear of hts: 1. pic of ht --> in high building --> skyscraper] [ relaxation tech. while looking at pic, then in a building, then at the top]

2. exposure

a flooding is real

b. implosion is imagined [ ?]

3. aversive conditioning

e.g. disulfuram with alcohol

operant:

1. shaping: e.g. 1 word = ice cream, 2 words = ice cream, 3 word = ice cream

5. fading

e.g. nicotine patch with reduced dosage

e.g. weaning off pain meds/benzos/etc.

moderate anxiety = a lot of learning

e.g. stop smoking via introduce them to a person their age with lung cancer

inc. GABA [inhibitory NT] = less helplessness [via dec. fear response i.e. less learned helplessness]

end of ch. 6

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ch. 7 HY

defense mech. = protect us [unconsciously except suppression] from hurt

id = drive/instinct [sex, aggression] [wants]

super-ego= values, ethics, morality, consciousness, rt vs wrong [should or ought to do]

super-ego lacunae = psychopaths

ego = referee, defense mechanism

projection seen in paranoid personality disorder

denial = sub/alcohol abuse, cancer [death & dying] [memory not involved]

splitting= boarder-lined personality disorder [idealization & devaluation]

blocking = aware of memory loss

regression = go to an already completed stage [kids e.g. wetting the bed when divorce, moving, new sibling, etc.]

[adults e.g. temper tantrum, baby/childish behav when sick]

somatization = normal labs but pt has c/o of symptoms [they truly believe they have]

introjection [ unconscious imitation/copy-cat]

e.g. resident acts like the attending

displacement e.g. angry at boss but then yell at the husband

e.g. elevator phobia b/c smth happened while in an elevator

repression = unconscious forgetting

suppression = conscious forgetting

isolation of affect = dead child yet mom doesn't cry/no emotion [seen in conversion disorder, the beautiful indifference]

intelletualization = dec. anxiety via knowledge [e.g. info on cancer] [unemotional] [smth said]

acting out = out burst [emotional/ behav] [age-appropriate]

rationalization = justify your own behavior/attitude/belief [giving yourself an excuse]

*unacceptable = rx formation/ sublimation

rx formation= unacceptable impulse becomes its opposite [setting fires --> becomes fire fighter]

seen in OCD [it's the obsession]

[the urge is still there, i.e. not healthy]

sublimation = unacceptable impulses done in an acceptable way

[healthy]

[e.g. pt interested in porn and becomes a censor]

[e.g. likes hitting ppl --> boxer]

[likes arson --> works in special effects]

undoing = physical act

[pt with OCD with aversion to germs, washes hands]

passive aggressive = covert [hidden] hostility

e.g. show up late to make you wait, losses smth you want

dissociation = splitting off the brain from your awareness [stressful situation in life --> brain disconects]

humor = allows the expression of smth to gain control

sublimation = most mature

regression = least mature

transference = feelings/emo. that the pt has directed towards the dr.

counter-transference = feelings/emo. that the dr. has directed towards the p

*fixation = stuck

oral [birth to 2] - smoker, over-eater, nail biter, pencil chewer, straw destroyer

anal retentive [2-4yo] - OCD [control issues]

phallic [ 4 to 6yo] -

end of ch 7

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ch 8

type a - excutive [more prone to heart disease]

type b = surfer [more likely to die from heart attack; won't change life-style]

no.1 stressor based on holmes & rache = death of spouse

stress is +ive correlated [0.3-0.4] to illness i.e. not +1 but not -1

greatest correlation = biggest no. [irrelevant of +ive or -ive] i.e. -0.8, +0.7, +0.5

stress: inc. cortisol, dec. cortisol then it inc. again

IQ = expectations not reality [a mean of 100 has 15 as a SD]

*percentage = range

*percentile = a number

2.5+12.5+34+34 = 84th percentile [better than 84% people but 16% of people are better than you]

mental age method of calculating IQ = mental age divided by chronological age

[e.g. a 12yo scores like a 10yo i.e. 12yo/10yo=120 IQ]

memorize IQ table

<69 = intel. disability

>120...

IQ test = verbal & performance scores

learn IQ test name

stanford for intel. disability and geniuses

personality test:

1. projective [ambiguous stimuli, needs clinical training]: roshack, thomatic TAT [u see a pic and you need to tell a story], sentence completion, drawing

2.objective e.g. mmpi [very objective, lil training needed] [mmpi = norm reference, <600 T&F questions, has a lie and validity scale]

neuropsych test = 2 name test

[used for localizing area of brain affected] [very accurate] [performed by neuro-psychologists]

[organic vs psychological]