Diagrama present perfect

1. FORM

   • Affirmative
     • have/ has+ Past participle - Irr verbs: 3rd column in the list - R verbs: add -ed to the root. * after a final e only add d: love – loved * final consonant after a short, stressed vowel or l as final consonant after a vowel is doubled: admit – admitted travel – travelled * final y after a consonant becomes i : hurry – hurried   
     • We have listened to the radio / He has drunk a coke
   • Negative
     • Subject + have / has not ( haven't  / hasn't ) + past participle
     • They haven't read the news / She hasn't stopped
   • Interrogative
     • Have / has + subject + past participle ?
     • Have they had breakfast? / Has she written an e-mail?

2. USES

   • experiences
     • Have you ever driven a car? No, I have never done it
   • Recent actions
     • She has just eaten an apple
   • Past actions relevant to the present
     • He has baked a cake ( you smell it)
   • Past actions going on in present
     • I have lived here for two years ( I still live here)

3. EXPRESSIONS

   • FOR
     • Periods of time: I have studied this for hours
   • SINCE
     • Start of the period: I have studied this since 5 o'clock
   • EVER/ NEVER
     • Has she ever eaten octopus?
   • ALREADY
     • Between have/has and past participle: They have already done it
   • YET
     • Neg / interrog, at the end : Has she eaten yet?. They haven't arrived yet
   • JUST
     • between have /has and past participle: She has just arrived

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