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Chapter 11: An Introduction to Personality

personality, refers to the unique core set of characteristics that influence the way one thinks, acts, and feels - characteristics many psychologists would agree are relatively consistent and enduring throughout the life span.

perspectives on personalities:

Psychoanalytic: Personality is formed very early in life and is strongly influenced by processes of which we are unaware (internal conflicts, aggression, sexual urges); the development of personality depends on the expression of unconscious processes and how caregivers respond.

Behavioral: Originates from the learning theories; explains how the environment shapes personality and specifically how classical conditioning and reinforcers influence behaviors. Observation and modeling also play a role in personality development.

Humanistic: We have capabilities we can and should exploit as we strive for personal growth; the choices we make in life influence our personalities; the focus is on the positive aspects of human nature.

Social-Cognitive: Emphasizes relationships, environmental influences, individual behavior, and mental processes that come together to form personality.

Biological: Physiological and genetic factors, including gene-environment interactions, influence personality development; hormones and neurotransmitters influence personality expression, which correlates with activity in certain brain areas.

Trait: Focuses on personality traits and dimensions; theories describe and predict behavior, focusing on the present rather than the past.