WORLD HISTORY 1 KEY TERMS

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Charlemagne

-king of the Franks

- had a good relationship

w/ church

-legacy: united parts of Western Europe- HRE, peace & stability- diplomatic relations with Byz & Islam leaders, support of RCC, education/revival of learning (Carolingian renaissance)

-when he dies in 814 and after son Loui Pious dies in 840- treaty of verdun 843-- territory divided three ways

Europe:

Kings

Lords/Vassals

Knights/Vassals

Peasants/Serfs

fief- grant of land

fealty- loyalty

-after age of confusion (who' is king bc charl. died and so did his son..

Japan:

Emperor

Shogun

Daimyo

Samurai

Peasants

Artisans

Merchants

Causes of 1st crusade:

-invasion by muslims on biz empire for Jerusalem (holy land)

-heal/restore east/west christianity

-cleanse lands of non-christs

-vengeance

-land=$

-god's will

-restore lands

-Pope Urban II- "call to crusades" clermont 1095:

remission of sins

unity

salvation- higher cause, god's work

prove self

1st Crusade 1095-1099:

-people- pope urban II, french, HRE, italian forces

-goal- recapture jerusalem

-outcome- captured jerusalem

-effects-

1. "kingdom of jerusalem"

2. crusade states

3. economic development

4. knights templar

-most successful and fastest crusade

2nd Crusade 1147-1149:

-people: Bernard of clair vaux (monk), saladin (king of egypt & syria), louis VII, eleanor of aquitane

-goal- rescue crumbling crusader states

-outcome- jerusalem recaptured by saladin--military failure

-effects-

1. restore islamic economic control of the holy land

2. discredited crusades as military threat

3rd Crusade 1189-1192:

-people- Richard lion hearted of england, frederick barbarosa of hre, philip augustus of france

-goal- reclaim jerusalem

-outcome- failure: barb died, rich was captured and left, phil aug left

-effects-

1. mil failure

2. trade connections

3. eng forced to pay high ransom--high taxes--growing resentment towards english kings

4.Magna carta^^ restricts power of kings

Magna Carta 1215

-signed by king john

-barons revolt for power

-restore/give rights to barons

-restrict kings power

-lower taxes- consent

-end revolt

Duke William of Normandy/ the conqueror

-becomes eng king after battle of hastings 1066

-vassal of france (owns norm) and king of eng

Henry II

-king of eng

-married eleanor of aquitaine who had been married to louis vii

Louis IX (r. 1226-1270)

-reforms:

1. beauracracy

2. fair local govt

3. law & order- ends private war & abolishes serfdom in royal lands

4. justice- right to appeal to higher courts

5. equitable tax system

Theodora

-ruled alongside Justinian and as equal

-told him to kill of his political enemies in massacre

Justinian

-united & strengthened byz empire:

1. religion- christianity (unifying)

2. trade- wealth

3. military

4. gov't-regional governors

5. law- justinian code

-aiga sophia

Corpus Juris Civilis

-Justinian's code of law that provided uniform law throughout the empire

Constantinople

-conquered by Constantine

-center of trade and culture

-center of wealthy east

Schism of 1054

-after icon controversy (8th-9th century) & in 726 Pope Leo III bans icons because:

1. weaken monastic owners of popular icons

2. influence of Muslim & Jewish contempt for image worship

3. theological meanings

- growing differences b/w eastern orthodox church and western roman catholic church:

e- bible=final authority

w-pope interpret, bible=final

e-holy spirit proceeded from the father alone

w-holy spirit proceeded from father and son "filioque"

-pope's envoy, cardinal Humbertus sent to constantinople to negotiate with eastern officials--negotiations break down & excommunication of east officials- east condemns west

Monastic Life

-Christianity became unifying force as the empire declines

-monks must devote themselves and their entire lives to religion

Benedict

-defines monastic life^^

Hundred Years War 1337-1453

-caused bc king edward iii of england claims french crown

-war for national identity

-ed iii (phil iv's daughters son) vs. phil ii (phil iv brothers son)

-france- had advantage of population and wealth but struggled to transition from feudal state to unified state

-english-military superiority

-consequences-

1. high loss of life (comb with black death = pop drop)

2. devastation of france

3. heavy eco costs- eng spent $5 mil pounds

4. social upheaval- kings emerge

5. tech advances- canon

6. strengthened parliment-kings constant need for $ for war

7. nationalism

Joan of Arc 1412-1431

-sense of national identity and self confidence

-french rally & fight back english in 100 years war

Babylonian Captivity/Avignon Papacy (1309-1377)

-origins- struggle between pope boniface viii and king philip (bc of clergy tax) led to election of pope clement v in 1305

-moves papacy from rome to avignon france- next 7 popes (av papacy)

results- damaged papal prestige-influence by kings

-curia = pap govt

Great Schism 1377/8-1417

-2 popes elected (one in france and 1 in eng)--both refuse to recognized the other

-further eroded church prestige

Renaissance

-individualism & human potential in art

Medici Family

-great arts patrons- florence

Humanism

-greek/latin--classics

-individualism

-human potential

-worldly life

War of the Roses 1455-1485

-henry vi of lancaster challenged by duke of york

-henry tudor = henry vii

-tudor dynasty

Ivan III (1462-1505)

-increased territory

-ended mongol rule

-moscow-center pol.eco.cul

-shifted power away from aristocratic princes

Ferdinand and Isabella

-untied aragon and castile in marriage

-total religious control

-exiled jews and muslims (previously been in harmony)

-focused on expansion to new world

Spanish Inquistition 1478-1492

-root out heretics& insecure converts

-200,000 jews exiled

KEY TERMS