PSY351 Week 11: Observational methods

1. 1What are some characteristics of observational research design

   1. ADescriptive
   2. BHigh generalisability
   3. CSystematic recording of behaviours
2. 2On self-reports, people who are honest always answer correctly

   1. AVerdadero
   2. BFalso
3. 3What are some issues with interviews?

   1. ARecall error
   2. BBiases regarding self-interest and cultural expectations
   3. CShyness
   4. DNeuroticism
4. 4How could we conduct observational research

   1. AObservations in the natural habitat
   2. BLaboratory studies
   3. CExamining existing datasets
   4. DOnline forums
5. 5Direct observational methods is to [blank_start]:[blank_end]
   Scientific observations is to [blank_start]:[blank_end]

   1. AObserve all behaviours of interest
   2. BObserve w/ precisely defined conditions
6. 6The type of observation collection method mostly depends on the quality of data that you want

   1. AVerdadero
   2. BFalso
7. 7Observations without intervention [blank_start]1[blank_end] [blank_start]2[blank_end] [blank_start]3[blank_end]
   Observations with intervention [blank_start]1[blank_end] [blank_start]2[blank_end] [blank_start]3[blank_end]

   1. ANaturalistic observation
   2. BPhysical Traces
   3. CArchival data
   4. DParticipant observation
   5. EDisguised Observation
   6. FUndisguised Observation
8. 8Using binoculars hiding in a tree to observe how pedestrians cross a street [blank_start]:[blank_end]
   Going through someones trash to record what they throw out [blank_start]:[blank_end]
   Hiding in a car using a speed gun to measure speed on a busy road [blank_start]:[blank_end]
   Paying Google to send data regarding adult youth internet behaviour [blank_start]:[blank_end]
   Setting up a visible camera in the living room to see how families interact during dinner [blank_start]:[blank_end]
   Infiltrating a drug ring as an addict to observe buying and selling behavior [blank_start]:[blank_end]

   1. ANaturalistic Observation
   2. BDisguised Observation
   3. CCovert Observation
   4. DPhysical Trace
   5. EArchival Data
   6. FRe-Identifiable Data
   7. GNaturalistic Observation
   8. HCovert Observation
   9. IDisguised Observation
   10. JArchival data
   11. KIllegal
   12. LUndisguised observation
   13. MDisguised observation
   14. NUndisguised observation
   15. ONaturalistic observation
   16. PDisguised observation
   17. QNaturalistic observation
   18. RUndisguised observation
9. 9How is scientific observation different to non-scientific observation?

   1. APrecision, defintion of conditions
   2. BRigorous statistical analysis, definition of conditions
   3. CRigorous statistical analysis, precision
10. 10What are the benefits of using naturalistic observations

    1. AEcological validity
    2. BAvoid the ethical issue of inducing potentially dangerous states
    3. CEasier to do
    4. DCost-effective

11. 11What are some ISSUES associated with naturalistic observations
    

    1. ABehaviours may occur infrequently
    2. BBehaviours may not occur in public
    3. CNo control over circumstances
    4. DHard to examine processes behind the behaviour
12. 12A cop infiltrates a drug ring as an addict in order to observe behaviour. What are some ethical issues here?

    1. ADeception
    2. BDruggos will treat the cop as their own
    3. CCop might become a real addict himself
    4. DExtremely costly and risky
    5. EEasily exposed
    6. FCop might influence the behaviour of the group
13. 13Intervention allows for control and comparison between groups

    1. AVerdadero
    2. BFalso
14. 14Recording traffic behaviour between 9am - 12pm [blank_start]:[blank_end]
    Recording traffic behaviour for 10mins every 2 hours [blank_start]:[blank_end]
    Waiting at a pedestrian cross and recording spontaneous events [blank_start]:[blank_end]
    Looking at the fq of distraction behaviours while driving [blank_start]:[blank_end]
    Looking at speeding at am and pm schools zones, in different locations and noticing if the driver was a P plater or not [blank_start]:[blank_end]

    1. AContinuous sampling
    2. BTime sampling
    3. CTarget time sampling
    4. DContinous sampling
    5. ETime sampling
    6. FTarget time sampling
    7. GTarget time sampling
    8. HContinuous sampling
    9. IEvent sampling
    10. JEvent sampling
    11. KSituation sampling
    12. LTarget time sampling
    13. MSituation sampling
    14. NTarget time sampling
    15. OTime sampling
15. 15Match the advantage with the associated sampling method
    
    High ecological validity due to the recording of behaviors before and after an event [blank_start]:[blank_end]
    Focuses on events that are rare [blank_start]:[blank_end]
    High external validity because due to observations in different contexts [blank_start]:[blank_end]

    1. AContinuous sampling
    2. BNaturalistic sampling
    3. CSituational sampling
    4. DEvent sampling
    5. EContinuous sampling
    6. FSituational sampling
    7. GSituational sampling
    8. HEvent sampling
    9. IContext sampling
16. 16When should narrative records be made

    1. ADuring the observed behaviour
    2. BShortly after the behaviour
    3. CWhen observers are well trained using specific behaviour criterias
17. 17Text-mining is an example of

    1. AQuantitative measure of behaviour
    2. BQualitative record of behaviour
18. 18How would you improve inter-rater reliability

    1. AClear definitions for behaviour
    2. BTraining observers
    3. CProvide feedback on discrepancies between observers
    4. DReduce observer bias
19. 19When selecting a coding scheme what should you look for

    1. AGood inter-rater reliability
    2. BConstruct validity
    3. CHistorical use
20. 2085% agreement is good inter-rater reliability

    1. AVerdadero
    2. BFalso
21. 21Factors that negatively influence inter-rater reliability
    
    Physical arrangement of observer and subject [blank_start]:[blank_end]
    Inexperienced, poorly designed behavioural units, observer drift/decay [blank_start]:[blank_end]
    Expectancies of the observer [blank_start]:[blank_end]
    Poor techniques and equipment, mental lapses and inexperience [blank_start]:[blank_end]
    Bad choice of statistical test [blank_start]:[blank_end]
    Presence of observer or stimuli [blank_start]:[blank_end]

    1. AError of apprehending
    2. BObserver error
    3. CObserver effect
    4. DObserver error
    5. EError of recording
    6. FComputational error
    7. GObserver bias
    8. HObserver effect
    9. IError of Apprehending
    10. JError of recording
    11. KComputational error
    12. LObserver effect
    13. MComputational error
    14. NError of recording
    15. OObserver effect
    16. PObserver bias
    17. QObserver error
22. 22How would one reduce observer bias

    1. ARecognise that it is present
    2. BKeep observer blind to goals and hypothesis
    3. CFormulate hypothesis so observer knows what to look for
23. 23What is the Hawthorne Effect

    1. ARelates to reactivity, which is the change in the subjects behaviour when knowing that they are being observed
    2. BWhen observations are affected by ones prevoncienved bias'
    3. CWhen the subject is unable to be seen, which results in the observer to shift positions and disturb the subject
24. 24How would one reduce the influences of the observer

    1. AMake covert observations
    2. BTry and manipulate adaptation / habituation
    3. CMake the observer blind to goals and hypothesis
    4. DUse non-human observers

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Test sobre PSY351 Week 11: Observational methods , creado por James Pham el 05/11/2018.

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James Pham

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