endocrine hormones

1. 1Autocrine - [blank_start]secreted compound[blank_end] [blank_start]affects[blank_end] [blank_start]same cells[blank_end] [blank_start]e.g cytokines[blank_end]
   paracrine- [blank_start]secreted compound affects[blank_end] [blank_start]neighbouring cells[blank_end] [blank_start]& relies on diffusion[blank_end]

   1. Asecreted compound
   2. Baffects
   3. Csame cells
   4. De.g cytokines
   5. Esecreted compound affects
   6. Fneighbouring cells
   7. G& relies on diffusion
2. 2which of these are true for endocrine control?

   1. Athese hormones are made in endocrine cells
   2. Bendocrne cells can release into the bloodstream and are not just limited to diffusion
   3. Call cells can be exposed to hormones but only those with suitable receptors respond
   4. Dhormones cant enter the blood stream as they are soluble so they can only diffuse
   5. EBy stimulating cells with hormones the appropriate receptor will be made in order to get a response.
3. 3which of these are true for neurohormone control?
   1)these are hormones made in neurons
   2)they can be released into the blood stream and aren't limited to diffusion.
   3)all cells are exposed to these hormones but only those with the right receptors can respond.
   4)by electrical stimulation there can be false firing of hormones from neurons causing unwanted response e.g mood swings
   5)these hormones cant travel within the blood stream due to their solubility. they travel from neruomuscular junction to neruomuscular junction.

   1. A1&2
   2. B2&3
   3. C3&4
   4. D3,4&5
   5. E1,2&3
4. 4which of these are true for neurotransmitter hormone control?

   1. Ahormones are released from nerve terminals into the synaptic gaps
   2. Bhormones are only released into the synapse in response to an action potential
   3. Cthe neurotransmitter diffuses across the gap to the target cell.
   4. Dthe target could be another neuron
   5. Ethey are highly specific
   6. Fall the above
5. 5which is true for pheromone control?

   1. Athey are organism to organism chemical communication
   2. Bthey can be highly sensitive e.g moth antennae have a 3 mile range
   3. Cthey are only produced when an organism wishes to mate
   4. Dthe organism with the higher concentration of pheromones will attract more mates and receive more signal communications.
6. 6Hormones can be classed according to [blank_start]chemical structure[blank_end] , [blank_start]receptor binding[blank_end] and [blank_start]source of secretion[blank_end].

   1. Achemical structure
   2. Bprevalence
   3. Cwhat is affected
   4. Dreceptor binding
   5. Ecell type
   6. Fgender
   7. Gsource of secretion
   8. Hmode of transport
7. 7which of the following are the classes of chemical structure we use to differentiate hormones ?

   1. Apeptide hormones
   2. Bsteroid hormones
   3. Camino acid derived hormones
   4. Dacidic hormones
   5. Ecarboxylic hormones
8. 8arrange the following into the right order for the formation of peptide hormones.
   1) messenger RNA on ribosomes bind amino acids into peptide chains called preprohormones.
   2) enzymes in the ER chop off the signal sequence making an inactive prohormone
   3) the chain is directed into the ER lumen by signal sequence amino acids.
   4)the secretory vesicles release its contents via exocytosis into the extracellular space
   5) the hormone moves into circulation, being transported to its target
   6)the prohormone passes from the ER through to the golgi
   7) secretory vesicles containing enzymes and prohormones bud off the golgi
   8) the enzymes chop the prohormone into multiple active peptides

   1. A1,3,2,6,7,8,4,5
   2. B1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8
   3. C3,2,5,4,1,6,7,8
   4. D1,2,4,3,6,7,8,5
9. 9peptide hormones are water soluble and have a half life of a few minutes

   1. AVerdadero
   2. BFalso
10. 10for a sustainable response peptide hormones needs to secreted in bursts

    1. AVerdadero
    2. BFalso

11. 11without reading the picture (too Much) which of the following explain the mechanism of action of a peptide hormone?

    

    1. Ahormone diffuses through blood capillary to cell surface receptor. (1st messenger)
    2. BATP is converted into cAMP(2nd messenger)
    3. CcAMP activates certain enzymes which catalyse reactions in order to get a response.
    4. Dthe hormone is water soluble and becomes attached to RBC's allowing for better transport to target cells.
    5. Ethe hormone binds to the receptor and is converted into ATP
    6. FcAMP stays active once its activated the enzymes in case more hormone needs to be converted
12. 12which of the following are true about steroid hormones?

    1. Asteroid hormones are all derived from cholesterol
    2. Bthe only 2 tissues in the body that can convert cholesterol to hormones are the adrenal cortex and the gonads
    3. Csteroid secreting cells have large amounts of smooth endoplasmic reticulum
    4. Dsteroid hormones are lipophilic and diffuse across the membrane
13. 13the adrenal cortex produces the hormones : [blank_start]aldosterone[blank_end] , [blank_start]cortisol[blank_end] and [blank_start]androgens[blank_end]. whilst the gonads produce: [blank_start]estrogen[blank_end] , [blank_start]progesterone[blank_end] and [blank_start]testosterone[blank_end]

    1. Aaldosterone
    2. Bcortisol
    3. Candrogens
    4. Destrogen
    5. Eprogesterone
    6. Ftestosterone
14. 14steroid hormones aren't soluble in plasma and other body fluids

    1. AVerdadero
    2. BFalso
15. 15which of the following is true about steroid hormones?

    1. Amost steroid molecules are bound to carrier proteins
    2. Bsome hormones have specific binding proteins e.g corticosteroid-binding globulin
    3. Cbinding to carrier proteins blocks entry into target cells
    4. Donly the unbound version of the hormone can pass through the target cell membrane
    5. Eby binding to carrier proteins it protects it from degradation extending its half life.
    6. Fall of the above
16. 16put these into the correct order for the mechanism of action of steroid hormones
    1)steroid hormone enters the cell
    2)the hormone rector complex enters the nucleus
    3) steroid receptor proteins are found in the cell and bind with the steroid hormone
    4)new protein is formed targeting the appropriate cell.
    5)the mRNA leaves the cell and begins translation forming a new peptide chain / protein
    6)the complex acts as a transcription factor contributing to a dna sequence

    

    1. A1,3,2,6,5,4
    2. B1,2,3,4,5,6
    3. C1,3,2,5,4,6
    4. D6,3,2,1,4,5
17. 17amino acid derived hormones are either made of tryptophan or tyrosine only.

    1. AVerdadero
    2. BFalso
18. 18what are melatonin and serotonin derived from ?

    1. Atryptophan
    2. Btyrosine
    3. Ccatecholamines
    4. Dthryroxine
19. 19catecholamines and thyroid hormones are derived from tyrsosine

    1. AVerdadero
    2. BFalso
20. 20which of the following are catecholamine hormones ?

    1. Adopamine
    2. Bnorepinepherine
    3. Cepinephrine
    4. Dthyroxine
    5. Etriodothryonine
21. 21which of the following are thyroid hormones ?

    1. Adopamine
    2. Bthyroxine
    3. Ctriodothyronine
    4. Dmelatonin
    5. Eserotonin
22. 22thyroid hormones are synthesised from 2 tyrosines and iodine atoms

    1. AVerdadero
    2. BFalso
23. 23which of the following amino acid derived hormones of tryosine behave like steroid hormones in their mechanism of action by binding to intracellular receptors?

    1. Acatecholamines
    2. Bthyroid
24. 24whats the mechanism of action for catecholamines?

    1. Abind to cell membrane receptors
    2. Bbind intracellulary
25. 25Name these Hypothalamic hromones:
    PRH: [blank_start]Prolactin releasing hormone[blank_end]
    PIH: [blank_start]Dopamine[blank_end] or [blank_start]prolactin-inhibiting hormone[blank_end]
    TRH: [blank_start]Thyrotropin-releasing hormone[blank_end]
    CRH: [blank_start]Corticotropin-releasing hormone[blank_end]
    GHRH: [blank_start]Growth hormone–releasing hormone[blank_end]
    GHIH: [blank_start]Growth hormone–inhibiting hormone[blank_end]
    GnRH: [blank_start]Gonadotrophin-releasing hormone[blank_end]

    1. AProlactin releasing hormone
    2. BDopamine
    3. Cprolactin-inhibiting hormone
    4. DThyrotropin-releasing hormone
    5. ECorticotropin-releasing hormone
    6. FGrowth hormone–releasing hormone
    7. GGrowth hormone–inhibiting hormone
    8. HGonadotrophin-releasing hormone
26. 26complete the arrow digam for the associated anterior pituitary hormones:
    PRH--> [blank_start]prolactin[blank_end]
    TRH --> [blank_start]TSH (thyrpid stimulating hormone)[blank_end] or [blank_start]inhibiting prolactin[blank_end]
    CRH --> [blank_start]ACTH (Adrenocorticotropic hormone)[blank_end]
    GHRH --> [blank_start]GH (growth hormone)[blank_end]
    GHIH --> [blank_start]inhibits GH[blank_end]
    GnRH --> [blank_start]FSH (follicle stimulating hormone)[blank_end] or [blank_start]LH (Luteinizing hormone)[blank_end]

    1. Aprolactin
    2. BTSH (thyrpid stimulating hormone)
    3. Cinhibiting prolactin
    4. DACTH (Adrenocorticotropic hormone)
    5. EGH (growth hormone)
    6. Finhibits GH
    7. GFSH (follicle stimulating hormone)
    8. HLH (Luteinizing hormone)
27. 27complete the next part of the arrow diagram for the endocrine targets and the hormones they secrete:
    TSH--> [blank_start]Thyroid gland[blank_end] --> [blank_start]Thyroid hormones[blank_end]
    ACTH--> [blank_start]adrenal cortex[blank_end] --> [blank_start]cortisol[blank_end]
    GH --> [blank_start]liver[blank_end] --> [blank_start]IGf's (Insulin growth factor)[blank_end]
    FSH & LH --> [blank_start]endocrine cells of gonad[blank_end] --> [blank_start]androgens(M)[blank_end] or [blank_start]estrogens/progesterone (F)[blank_end]

    1. AThyroid gland
    2. BThyroid hormones
    3. Cadrenal cortex
    4. Dcortisol
    5. Eliver
    6. FIGf's (Insulin growth factor)
    7. Gendocrine cells of gonad
    8. Handrogens(M)
    9. Iestrogens/progesterone (F)
28. 28how many peptide hormoens does the pituitary release?

    1. A9
    2. B3
    3. C6
    4. D10
    5. E2
29. 29there are [blank_start]two[blank_end] distinct parts of the [blank_start]pituitary[blank_end]. the [blank_start]nerurohypophysis[blank_end] (the posterior pituitary) and the [blank_start]adenohypophysis[blank_end] (anterior pituitary).

    1. Atwo
    2. Bthree
    3. Cone
    4. Dpituitary
    5. Ehypothalamus
    6. Fthalamus
    7. Gnerurohypophysis
    8. Hneuroneohypotheis
    9. Ihyponureonalphysis
    10. Jadenohypophysis
    11. Kadrenohypotheiss
    12. Ladrenadellum
30. 30which of the following are the hypothalamus controls of the endocrine system

    1. Asecretion of regulatory hormones to control activity of anterior lobe of pituitary
    2. Bcontrol f sympathetic output to adrenal medulla
    3. Cproduction of ADH and oxytocin
31. 31the liver isn't the only part of the body that has a portal vein system

    1. AVerdadero
    2. BFalso
32. 32match these hormones to their respective jobs.
    GH- [blank_start]stimulate cell growth[blank_end] , [blank_start]releases IGH and somatomedins[blank_end] to help with cell replication
    PH - [blank_start]stimulate mammary gland development[blank_end] , [blank_start]milk production[blank_end]
    TSH- [blank_start]triggers thyroid hormone release[blank_end] (T3 & T4)
    ACTH- [blank_start]stimulate release of glucocorticoids[blank_end]
    FSH- [blank_start]stimulate follicle development[blank_end] , [blank_start]secretion of estrogen[blank_end] , [blank_start]sperm production[blank_end]
    LH- [blank_start]causes ovulation[blank_end] , [blank_start]produces progesterone[blank_end] , [blank_start]produces andrgogen[blank_end]
    GnRH - [blank_start]promotes FSH and LH[blank_end]

    1. Astimulate cell growth
    2. Breleases IGH and somatomedins
    3. Cstimulate mammary gland development
    4. Dmilk production
    5. Etriggers thyroid hormone release
    6. Fstimulate release of glucocorticoids
    7. Gstimulate follicle development
    8. Hsecretion of estrogen
    9. Isperm production
    10. Jcauses ovulation
    11. Kproduces progesterone
    12. Lproduces andrgogen
    13. Mpromotes FSH and LH
33. 33what is the correct order of controlling the posterior lobe (neurohypophysis)?
    1)hormones are released into the blood
    2) vesicles containing hormone are stored in posterior pituitary
    3) vesicles are transported down the cell
    4) the hormone is made and packages in the cell body of the neuron

    1. A4,3,2,1
    2. B1,2,3,4
    3. C4,2,3,1
    4. D3,4,2,1
34. 34neurones in the paraventricular nucleus manufacturer thrombuin

    1. AVerdadero
    2. BFalso
35. 35neurones in the supraoptic nucleus manufacturer antidiuretic hormone

    1. AVerdadero
    2. BFalso
36. 36label what PD PI and PN is as well as what they do and which side is posterior and anterior for the pituitary

    

    1. Apars distails
    2. Bpars intermedia
    3. Cpars nervousa
    4. Dsecretes other pituitary hormones
    5. Esecretes MSH
    6. Fsecretes ADH and oxytocin
    7. Ganterior lobe
    8. Hposterior lobe
37. 37label the arrows below

    

    1. Alarynx
    2. Bthyroid lobe / gland
    3. Cisthmus
    4. Dtrachea
38. 38the thyroid gland secretes what?

    1. Athyroid hormones and calcitonin
    2. Bthyroid hormones and adrenaline
    3. Cthyroid hormones and prolactin
39. 39thyroid hormone synthesis takes place in the thyroid follicles. these follicles make enzymes for the hormone synthesis.

    

    1. AVerdadero
    2. BFalso
40. 40what of the following applies to the precursors of tyrosine?

    1. Athey are bound covalently to iodine
    2. Bone is thyroxine (t4) which has 2 tyrosines + 4 iodines
    3. Cone is triiodothyronine (t3) which has 2 tyrosines + 3 iodines
    4. D99% of the precursors are bound to carrier proteins because they are poorly soluble
    5. Efree t4/t3 can diffuse into cells to bind to intracellular recpetors
    6. Fsets base medial rate for the heart
    7. Gsets basal metabolic rate and temperature
    8. H53 %of the precursors are bound to carrier proteins because they are poorly soluble
    9. Itheir influence to the thyroid isnt long lasting
41. 41Arrange these into the correct order fro the control of thyroid hormone secretion.
    1) t3 and t4 released into blood by follicular cells
    2) TRH carried by hypophyseal portal veins to anterior pituitary gland stimulates TSH release
    3) elevated t3 inhibits re;ease of TRH and TSH
    4) low blood t3 and t4 or low metabolic rate stimulate release of TRH
    5) TSH released into blood stimulates thyroid follicular cells

    1. A4,2,5,1,3
    2. B1,3,2,4,5
    3. C2,3,5,4,1
    4. D1,3,4,2,5
42. 42make note on each of the following

    

    1. Aadrenal medulla layer diagram
43. 43use the mnomeic " Go Find Rex, Might Give Anal" for the correct layers of the adrenal cortex and what steroid hormones each make

    1. Azona glimerulosa -mineralocorticoids
       Zona fasciculata - glucocorticoids
       Zona reticularis - androgens
    2. Bzona gedularus- mandrogens
       zona fasiccilius - glucoscortaroids
       zona reteriguila - androgens
    3. Czona grandellum - metrocorticoids
       zona fasterills - glutermataoids
       zona reterigeius - atrioholids
44. 44under stress what are the pathways concerning the hypothalamus?
    1) ACTH releasing hormone goes to pituitary from hypothalamus
    2)ACTH is released
    3) ACTH reaches Adrenal cortex
    4) ACTH releasing hormone reaches pituitary
    5) Cortisol is produced

    1. A1,4,2,3,5
    2. B1,3,2,4,5
    3. C5,4,3,2,1
    4. D2,1,3,4,5
45. 45outline what stress does in adrenal pathways by arranging the following into correct order.
    1) norepinetherine and epinephrine are released
    2) run longer , fight harder
    3) Epinephrine and norepinetherine go to brain , blood vessels
    4) the heart increases cardiac output whilst the brain lowers thresholds in RAS (reticular activating system) meanwhile blood vessels constrict in skin and kidneys whilst dilating in muscles and brain.
    5)stimulation causes conversion of glycogen to glucose raising blood sugar levels

    1. A1,3,4,5,2
    2. B1,2,3,4,5
    3. C2,3,1,4,5
46. 46arrange the following into the correct order for stress pathways for the andrenal parts of the body.
    1)conversion of other nutrients to glucose
    2i) reduces imflammation
    3)cortisol released
    2ii)inhibits allergic reaction
    2iii)mobilises fat to provide nutrients for cellular respiration
    2iiii) stimulates amino acid transport into liver cells
    4) raises blood sugar levels
    

    1. A3,2i,2ii,2iii,2iiii,1.4
    2. B4,2i,2ii,2iii,2iiii, 3 1
    3. C3,4 2i,2ii,2iii,2iiii, 1
    4. D2i,2ii,2iii,2iiii, ,1,3,4
47. 47which of the following is true to anti diuretic hormones?

    1. AA peptide hormone
    2. BAntidiuretic --> decreases urine production
    3. Cinvolved in control of body water
    4. DADH-key player in the process causes kidneys to return more water
48. 48Antidiuretic Hormone tells your kidneys how much water to conserve. if blood osmotic pressure is low no adh is secreted and vise versa.

    1. AVerdadero
    2. BFalso
49. 49Clusters of [blank_start]endocrine cells[blank_end] within the [blank_start]pancreas[blank_end] called [blank_start]Islets of Langerhans[blank_end] or [blank_start]pancreatic islets[blank_end]. these are in charge of:[blank_start]Alpha cells[blank_end] secreting [blank_start]glucagon[blank_end], [blank_start]Beta cells[blank_end] secrete [blank_start]insulin[blank_end], [blank_start]Delta cells[blank_end] secrete GH-IH ([blank_start]somatostatin[blank_end]) and [blank_start]F cells[blank_end] secrete [blank_start]pancreatic polypeptide[blank_end].
    
    

    1. Aendocrine cells
    2. Bglial cells
    3. Chormones
    4. Dpancreas
    5. Ekidneys
    6. Fliver
    7. GIslets of Langerhans
    8. Hiles of langertuns
    9. Iilests of latheithums
    10. Jpancreatic islets
    11. Kkidney islets
    12. Lliver islets
    13. MAlpha cells
    14. Ngamma cells
    15. Oepsilon cells
    16. Pglucagon
    17. Qglucose
    18. Rglycogen
    19. SBeta cells
    20. Talpha cells
    21. Udelta cells
    22. Vinsulin
    23. Whormones
    24. XAdrenalin
    25. YDelta cells
    26. Zalpha cells
    27. AAbeta cells
    28. ABsomatostatin
    29. ACsommostatins
    30. ADsumonstatins
    31. AEF cells
    32. AFG cells
    33. AGT cells
    34. AHpancreatic polypeptide
    35. AIheamophilic peptides
    36. AJextracellular matrixes
50. 50label the pancreas histology below

    

    1. Apancreatic islet/islet of langerhans
    2. Bpancreatic acini / exocirne cells
51. 51place the following int order for the release of insulin in beta cells
    1)calcium channels open
    2) less potassium leave the cell
    3) potassium atp channel closes
    4) cell depolarises
    5) atp rises
    6) rise in glycolysis and citric acid cycle
    7) calcium entry triggers exocytosis and insulin is secreted
    8) rise in glucose in the blood

    1. A8,6,5,3,2,4,1,7
    2. B8,6,5,3,4,7,1,4
    3. C1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8
    4. D8,7,6,5,1,2,3,4
52. 52[blank_start]insulin's[blank_end] first mechanism of action is when [blank_start]insulin[blank_end] binds to [blank_start]tyrosine kinase receptors[blank_end]. the receptors then [blank_start]phosphorylates[blank_end] [blank_start]insulin receptor substrates[blank_end] (IRS). the second messenger pathways then alter the [blank_start]protein synthesis[blank_end] and existing proteins. after that the [blank_start]membrane transport[blank_end] is modified. lastly cell [blank_start]metabolism[blank_end] is changed.

    1. Ainsulin's
    2. Binsulin
    3. Ctyrosine kinase receptors
    4. Dphosphorylates
    5. Einsulin receptor substrates
    6. Fcarbonates
    7. Gprotein synthesis
    8. Hmembrane transport
    9. Imetabolism
53. 53insulin's 2nd mechanism of action is as follows. firstly [blank_start]Increases glucose[blank_end] transport into most, but not all, [blank_start]insulin sensitive cells[blank_end]. then Insulin [blank_start]enhances[blank_end] cellular [blank_start]utilisation and storage[blank_end] of glucose. This [blank_start]Enhances[blank_end] utilisation of [blank_start]amino acids[blank_end]. afterwards this Promotes [blank_start]fat synthesis[blank_end].
    
    
    

    1. AIncreases glucose
    2. BDecrease glucose
    3. Cinsulin sensitive cells
    4. Denhances
    5. Einhibits
    6. Futilisation and storage
    7. Grespiration and use
    8. HEnhances
    9. Ihinders
    10. Jamino acids
    11. Kfat synthesis

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Test sobre endocrine hormones , creado por Ryan Cornwell el 07/02/2019.

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Ryan Cornwell

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