Introduction to Bacteria

1. 1A stain of a bacteria reveals purple clusters of spheres. This could be described as which of the following?

   1. AGram positive staphlococcus
   2. BGram negative streptococcus
   3. CGram positive streptobacilli
   4. DGram negative diplococcus
2. 2A stain of a bacteria reveals purple rods in chains and pink spirals. The most accurate description by morphology would be...?

   1. AGram negative streptobacilli and gram negative vibrio
   2. BGram positive streptobacilli and gram negative spirochetes
   3. CGram positive streptococcus and gram positive coccobacillus
   4. DGram positive streptobacilli and gram negative vibrio
3. 3We can classify bacteria based on which of the following? (Select all that apply)

   1. AType of metabolism
   2. BMorphology
   3. COptimal pH
   4. DNutrient preference
4. 4Genetic characteristics of bacteria contain all of the following EXCEPT?

   1. AGuanine and cytosine content
   2. BPCR with selected primers
   3. CrDNA analysis
   4. DSalt tolerance
5. 5Which of the following is NOT true regarding bacterial cell walls?

   1. AAll bacteria have them except mycoplasmas and halophiles.
   2. BAll bacteria have multiple peptidoglycan layers.
   3. CThey provide rigidity.
   4. DThey prevent osmotic lysis.
6. 6Which of the following is an important differentiation between gram negative and gram positive cell walls?

   1. AGram positive consists of a single layer of peptidoglycan, gram negative consists of multiple.
   2. BGram negative cell walls always have meso-DAP as the penultimate amino acid.
   3. CGram negative cell walls are highly cross-linked.
   4. DGram positive cell walls remain permeable, staining them pink, while gram negative cells walls trap the complex, staining them blue or purple.
7. 7Which of the following are true regarding the outer membranes of gram negative cell walls? (Select all that apply)

   1. AThey are the same composition as the cytoplasmic membrane.
   2. BThey contain porins and channels.
   3. CThey contain lipopolysaccharide, an exotoxin.
   4. DThey contain lipopolysaccharide, which is composed of an O-antigen, a core, and lipid A.
8. 8Which of the following is NOT true regarding lipopolysaccharide?

   1. AIt is responsible for gram negative sepsis.
   2. BIt is pyrogenic.
   3. CLipid A is a T cell mitogen.
   4. DIt causes host cells to produce abnormal amounts of molecules that regulate vascular permeability and coagulation.
9. 9UV light would cause what kind of mutation in bacterial DNA?

   1. APhysical
   2. BChemical
   3. CInherent error in replication
10. 10A mutation has caused a change to a stop codon and disrupted function. This is an example of which of the following mutations?

    1. ASilent
    2. BMissense
    3. CNonsense
    4. DFrameshift

11. 11Which of the following transposons encodes several genes and often encodes resistance genes?

    1. AComposite
    2. BInsertion
    3. CTn A-type
12. 12Which of the following does NOT occur during conjugation?

    1. ATransfer of a copy of plasmid DNA
    2. BTransfer of chromosomal genes
    3. CTransfer of F plasmid from F' donor cell
    4. DUptake of naked DNA
13. 13Resistance factors and virulence factors are transferred during which process?

    1. AConjugation
    2. BTransformation
    3. CTransduction
14. 14A large amount of gene transfer in gram positive bacteria occurs by which of the following processes?

    1. ATransduction
    2. BConjugation
    3. CTransformation
15. 15Which of the following are true regarding transduction? (Select all that apply)

    1. ACan be generalized, where a bacteriophage introduces bacterial genes randomly
    2. BCan be temperate, where a bacteriophage introduces their DNA into the bacterial chromosome randomly
    3. CIt is important for the dissemination of R factors and phage conversion.
    4. DLytic phages chop up the bacterial chromosome during infection.
16. 16You misidentified a patient to have a gram negative bacterial infection, when it is actually gram positive. Expectedly, your treatment isn't working. This is an example of which of the following?

    1. ANon-genetic resistance
    2. BBeta-lactam resistance
    3. CTarget gene mutation imparting resistance
    4. DAcquisition of an R factor
17. 17Which of the following is not a beta-lactam antibiotic?

    1. Apenam (ex. ampicillin)
    2. Bcepham (ex. cephalosporins)
    3. Cmonobactam (ex. aztreonam)
    4. Daminoglycoside (ex. gentamicin)
18. 18Which of the following are true regarding the mode of action of beta-lactam antibiotics? (Select all that apply)

    1. AThey are bactericidal.
    2. BThey inhibit peptidoglycan synthesis.
    3. CThey inhibit cell wall cross-linking.
    4. DThey bind to lipopolysaccharide.
19. 19Metallo-beta-lactamases are which class of beta-lactamases?

    1. AA
    2. BB
    3. CC
    4. DD
20. 20Which of the following are resistant to all beta-lactams and are endemic worldwide?

    1. ASerine carbapenamases
    2. BAmpC beta-lactamases
    3. CPenicillinases
    4. DESBLs
21. 21Whether a disease occurs and the resulting severity of symptoms depends on which of the following? (Select all that apply)

    1. AAffected tissue
    2. BHost factors
    3. CInoculum size
    4. DVirulence of bacteria
22. 22Which of the following is the correct order of the steps of infection?

    1. AEntry -> adhesion -> multiplication -> colonization -> invasion
    2. BAdhesion -> entry -> multiplication -> colonization -> invasion
    3. CEntry -> multiplication -> adhesion -> colonization -> invasion
    4. DColonization -> entry -> adhesion -> multiplication -> invasion
23. 23Bacteria can only colonize sites that meet their growth requirements. This is an example of...?

    1. Atissue tropism
    2. Bpathogenicity island
    3. Cadhesin
    4. Dincubation period
24. 24Invasins are virulence factors that promote invasion by breaking down host defenses. Which of the following is NOT true regarding these factors?

    1. AThey are usually enzymes.
    2. BThey act systemically to damage host cells to promote growth.
    3. CThey contain coagulases.
    4. DThey contain locally acting toxins.
25. 25The acquisition of large continuous blocks of DNA promoting pathogenicity are known as ___________ and contain a large proportion of ___________.

    1. Avirulence factors, pathogenicity islands
    2. BR plasmids, virulence factors
    3. Cpathogenicity islands, virulence factors
    4. Dpathogenicity islands, R plasmids
26. 26Imagine you are a healthy cell at a party, when a pathogenic bacteria tries to speak to you. Being a smart host, you know interacting with this bacteria could harm you. Which of the following are appropriate actions to avoid infection? (Select all that apply)

    1. ARun away from them.
    2. BPut a piece of tape over their mouth so they can't speak to you.
    3. CKill them.
    4. DYou let them stay at the party because you know you're resistant enough to survive and can eventually escape. Fight the power.
27. 27Which of the following is NOT true regarding exotoxins?

    1. AThey are released by gram positive and gram negative bacteria.
    2. BThey are lethal toxins.
    3. CThey are strongly antigenic and cannot be neutralized by a specific antibody.
    4. DAfter being released from subunit B, subunit A can be biologically active.
28. 28Pathological mechanisms of action include cell lysis and toxins affecting normal cell function. Which of the following is the common mechanism that causes inactivation of the host protein?

    1. AADP ribosylation
    2. BcAMP blocking sodium uptake
    3. CStimulation of host cell EF-2
29. 29You have a patient presenting with a massive inflammatory response and shock. You suspect they were exposed to a toxin. Which of the following could have caused this reaction?

    1. AHigh levels of anthrax LF
    2. BLow levels of anthrax LF
    3. CHigh levels of anthrax EF
    4. DLow levels of anthrax EF
30. 30You have a patient who regularly cans their own tomato sauce and, frankly, does not do a great job at it. They present to the ER and you suspect botulinum toxin is the culprit. Which of the following symptoms would be associated with this nerve toxin?

    1. AFlaccid paralysis
    2. BSpastic paralysis
    3. CImmunosuppression
    4. DDiarrhea and severe dehydration
31. 31Continuously generated antigens released from viable bacteria cause chronic immune stimulation, resulting in _____________.

    1. AImmunopathology
    2. BPathogenicity islands
    3. CSuccessful immune response
    4. DImmunodeficiency

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MID Test sobre Introduction to Bacteria, creado por Kathleen Lonergan el 08/07/2019.

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Kathleen Lonergan

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