Lecture 5 - Problem solving & reasoning

1. 1Which of these are definitions of problem solving?

   1. ASolution isn't in memory, goal directed.
   2. BBehaviour due to cognitive processes
2. 2Protocol analysis is when people are asked how they solve a problem, they record their thinking aloud and it involves computer simulations

   1. AVerdadero
   2. BFalso
3. 3Well defined problem solving had which of the following?

   1. AClear start state, goal state and operators.
   2. BReal world problems messy
   3. CFind basic principles from easy tasks & Generalise to complex problems
   4. DMore like real life
   5. ENo knowledge necessary
   6. FCan be formalised on a 'state space diagram'
   7. GSolved relatively quickly, can be systematically changed
   8. HSearch strategies not used
4. 4Ill defined problems have which of the following?

   1. ALack the qualities of well defined problems
   2. BMore like real life
   3. CSearch strategies not used
   4. DHarder to theorise about
   5. EReal world problems messy
   6. FFind basic principles from easy tasks & generalise to complex problems
5. 5Which of these steps is required in solving well defined problems?

   1. APrune the state space (apply heuristics)
   2. BExploratory strategies (Weak heuristic (e.g. avoid loops)
   3. CHill climbing (Pick a move that takes you closer to the goal)
6. 6Which of these are true for Means ends analysis?

   1. AMost important strategy - Newell & Simon (1972) The tower of Hanoi can be broken down into subgoals
   2. BEvaluate tasks: How to start & goal differ? Apply operator to reduce difference. If obstacle prevent this - reevaluate. (Create subgoal, remove obstacle) Solve subgoal. Set/solve next subgoal if necessary.
7. 7Which of these are evidence for Means End Analysis?

   1. AVerbal protocols - People identify subgoals
   2. BComputer puzzles can solve these puzzles
   3. CHumans may use this strategy but not all problems have clear subgoals
8. 8Problems with problem-solving by analogy: Features don't always map well/Analogy only useful if relevant features are identified.

   1. AVerdadero
   2. BFalso
9. 9Gick & Holyoak used analogous problems in 5 experiments

   1. AVerdadero
   2. BFalso
10. 10Gick & Holyoak define schemas as

    1. AAbstract description of common features & general principles
    2. BTarget problem must be similar for activation

11. 11What are problems within problem solving when concerning individual differences?

    1. APeople differ in knowledge: schema already available to some
    2. BPeople differ in the interpretation of a task
    3. CIntelligent people may be better at mapping
    4. DOther factors e.g. working memory, different cognitive strengths
    5. EGender
12. 12Which of these are true for inductive reasoning?

    1. AInferring rules
    2. BMaking generalisations
    3. CDetecting order out of chaos
    4. DCannot be valid but can be plausible
    5. EJennifer leaves for school at 7:00 a.m. and is on time. Jennifer assumes, then, that she will always be on time if she leaves at 7:00 a.m.
    6. FIf you're thirsty there is tea in the pot
    7. GIf you do well then you'll get a prize
    8. HAn inference that must be true as long as given info is correct
    9. IBottom up
13. 13Which of these are true to deductive reasoning?

    1. AAn inference must be true as long as given info is correct
    2. BNew info is not created
    3. CWilliam is a bachelor, all bachelors are single; hence William is single.
    4. DInferring rules
    5. EMaking gnerealisations
    6. FDetecting order out of chaos
14. 14Which of these is true to conditional reasoning?

    1. A'If you're thirsty there is tea in the pot' - There will be tea in the pot anyway.
    2. BIf P then Q
    3. CIf you do well then you'll get a prize
15. 15Which of these is true to biconditional reasoning?

    1. AIf you do well then you'll get a prize
    2. BMust use biconditional interpretation (if and only if) otherwise there's no point in the rule
    3. Cif you're thirsty theres tea in the pot
16. 16Which of these is true to modus ponens?
    

    1. AIf it rains then I will get wet (if p then q).
       I am wet (q is true)
       Therefore it rained (therefore p is true)
    2. BThe modus ponens inference is always valid.
    3. CMost people find it trivially easy
    4. DThe modus tollens inference is always valid.
    5. EPeople are less likely to make it
17. 17Which of these is true to modus tollens?

    1. AIf it rains then I will get wet (if p then q)
       I am not wet (not p true)
       Therefore it didn't rain (therefore not p is true)
    2. BThe modus tollens inference is always valid
    3. CPeople are less likely to make it
    4. DThe modus ponens inference is always valid
    5. EMost people find it trivially easy
18. 18Which of these is true to Affirming the consequent

    1. AIf it rains then I will get wet (if p then q)
       I am wet (q is true)
       Therefore it rained (therefore p is true)
    2. BThere are other events that could make me wet instead of rain. Specific content suggests a biconditional interpretation should be made.
19. 19Which of these are true to denying the antecedent

    1. AIf it rains then I will get wet (if p then q)
       It is not raining (not p is true)
       Therefore I'm not wet (therefore not q is true)
    2. BThere are other events that could make me wet. Specific content suggests a biconditional interpretation should be made.
    3. CThis = if and only if it rains then I will get wet
       Or -only rain can make me wet
20. 20What are the main theories of deduction?

    1. AMental models
    2. BDeduction rules (aka mental rules/mental logic)
    3. CSocial contract theory
21. 21Which of these are true to mental models?

    1. AConstruct a model of a state of the world consistent with the premises
       Attempt to form a tentative conclusion
       Attempt to build new models that falsify conclusion
       If there's a falsification, attempt to find a new conclusion that applies to all models
    2. BThe mind works with abstract rules of logic in order to make inferences
       The abstract logical form of premises etc is extracted
       The relevant rules are chosen
       The rules are applied in order to make inferences
       The inferences are converted back into their original entities
22. 22Which of these are true to Deduction rules?

    1. AThe mind works with abstract rules of logic in order to make inferences
       The abstract logical form of premises etc is extracted
       The relevant rules are chosen
       The rules are applied in order to make inferences
       The inferences are converted back into their original entities
    2. BConstruct a model of a state of world consistent with premises
       Attempt to form a tentative conclusion
       Attempts to build new models that falsify conclusion
       If there's a falsification, attempt to find a new conclusion that applies to all models.
23. 23In Watson et al's 4 card selection task, how many made the correct choice?

    1. A10%
    2. B40%
    3. C20%
    4. D5%
24. 24Which of these is true to social contract theory? (Cosmides & Tooby)

    1. AIf you borrow my car then you have to fill up the tank with gas
    2. BArgued for evidence of cheater detection

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Test sobre Lecture 5 - Problem solving & reasoning, creado por alysiabates el 31/05/2014.

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