Test
2808NRS Human Pathophysiology and Pharmacology 2 (Module 5 & 6)
Preguntas del test (76)
1The tendency to involuntarily pass urine, usually in small amounts, when abdominal pressure is raised during coughing, for example, is termed:
- Aurge incontinence
- Bneurological incontinence
- Cstress incontinence
- Doverflow incontinence
2Which diuretics promote the greatest diuresis?
- AThiazides.
- BPotassium-sparing diuretics.
- CAldosterone inhibitors.
- DLoop diurectics.
3Turbid urine normally indicates:
- Akidney stones
- Bdiabetes
- Cinfection
- Ddehydration
4Which is most likely to contribute to overflow incontinence?
- Akidney stones lodged in the renal calyxes
- Bglomerulonephritis
- Cprostate enlargement
- Durethritis
5Azotaemia describes increased concentrations of:
- Anitrogen waste compounds in blood
- Burea in urine
- Cpotassium and sodium levels in blood
- Dazotaemia is, in fact, an alternative term for uraemic frost
6From the following, choose the substance likely to appear in the urine when the glomerulus is inflamed.
- ACreatinine
- BUrea
- CSodium
- DAlbumin
7When comparing normal kidney function with dialysis, which of the following mechanisms is not possible in dialysis?
- ADiffusion
- BActive transport
- CUltrafiltration
- DOsmosis
8Which of the following should be present in the filtrate in the proximal convoluted tubule?
- AErythrocytes
- BLeukocytes
- CGlucose molecules
- DPlasma proteins
9Common causes of urolithiasis include all of the following EXCEPT:
- Ahypercalcemia.
- Bhyperlipidemia.
- Cinadequate fluid intake.
- Dhyperuricemia.
10Which of the following increases glomerular filtration rate?
- AConstriction of the afferent arteriole
- BIncreased hydrostatic pressure in the glomerular capillaries
- CDilation of the efferent arteriole
- DIncreased plasma osmotic pressure
11Reducing fluid intake is non-pharmacological advice designed to decrease the incidence of urinary tract infections.
- AVerdadero
- BFalso
12Infection and inflammation of the bladder is termed:
- Acystitis
- Burethritis
- Cpyelonephritis
- Dany of the above, depending on the origin of the infection
13The incidence of urinary tract infections is about the same in women and in men, but treatment is more frequently sought by women.
- AVerdadero
- BFalso
14Requesting patients to produce a mid-stream urine sample is designed to ensure the sample is not diluted by urine that has accumulated at the base of the bladder and in the urethra.
- AVerdadero
- BFalso
15Under normal circumstances urine in the bladder is sterile, but it may be contaminated with bacteria upon exiting the urethra.
- AVerdadero
- BFalso
16What is the cause of most cases of pyelonephritis?
- ASevere pH imbalance of urine
- BDialysis or other invasive procedure
- CAn ascending infection by E. coli
- DAbnormal immune response, causing inflammation
17What is the first indicator in the arterial blood gases of acidosis caused by glomerulonephritis?
- AIncreased carbonic acid
- BIncreased bicarbonate ion
- CDecreased bicarbonate ion
- DA pH less than 7.35
18Which of the following would be considered normal serum pH?
- A7.0
- B7.4
- C8
- D4.5 - 8
19In a case of acute pyelonephritis, what is the cause of flank pain?
- AIncreasing glomerular permeability, creating an increased volume of filtrate in the kidney
- BInflammation, causing ischemia in the tubules
- CInflammation, stretching the renal capsule
- DMicrobes irritating the tissues
20Pyelonephritis may be distinguished from cystitis by the presence in pyelonephritis of:
- Aurinary casts and flank pain.
- Bpainful micturition.
- Cmicrobes, leukocytes, and pus in the urine.
- Durgency and frequency.
21An elderly male patient produced only 25 mL of urine in the past 24 hours. The urologist discovers that prostatic hypertrophy is the cause. Which one of the following best describes this patient's acute renal failure?
- APostrenal oliguric
- BPrerenal anuric
- CPostrenal anuric
- DIntrinsic nonoliguric
22Which one of the following electrolytes usually must be restricted in patients with acute renal failure?
- APotassium
- BBicarbonate
- CCalcium
- DChloride
23Intrinsic acute kidney injury can be identified/caused by?
- Adecreased creatinine
- Ba blockage of the renal artery
- Cglomerulonephritis
- Dhaemorrhage
24What is the definition of acute kidney injury?
- AA drop in serum creatinine to less than or equal to 26 umol/L within 48 hours.
- BAn increase in urine output to greater than 0.5 mL/kg/hr for 6 consecutive hours.
- CA rise in serum creatinine to greater than or equal to 26 umol/L within 48 hours.
- DAn decrease in urine output to greater than 0.5 mL/kg/hr for 6 consecutive hours.
25Which of the following indicates the early stage of acute renal failure?
- AVery low GFR and increased serum urea
- BHypotension and increased urine output
- CDevelopment of decompensated acidosis
- DPolyuria with urine of fixed and low specific gravity
26What is/are a cause(s) of acute tubule necrosis and acute renal failure?
- ASudden significant exposure to nephrotoxins
- BProlonged circulatory shock
- CCrush injuries or burns
- DAll of the above
27What is the primary reason for hypocalcemia developing during end-stage renal failure or uremia?
- AInsufficient calcium in the diet
- BA deficit of activated vitamin D and hyperphosphatemia
- CExcessive excretion of calcium ions in the urine
- DDecreased parathyroid hormone secretion
28Which of the following would likely cause chronic renal failure?
- ACirculatory shock
- BDiabetes mellitus
- CCystitis with pyelonephritis in the right kidney
- DObstruction of a ureter by a renal calculus
29What causes polyuria during the stage of renal insufficiency?
- ALoss of tubule function
- BIncreased GFR
- CIncreased blood pressure
- DDecreased aldosterone secretion
30Insensible water loss occurs from ________, and ________.
- Airregular incidents, such as vomiting as output can vary greatly
- Bfaeces; accounts for approximately 15% of normal daily output
- Ckidneys; accounts for approximately 35% of normal daily output
- Dlungs and skin; accounts for approximately 30% of normal daily output
31Fluid load in patients may be increased, inadvertently or purposely, by:
- Arectal solutions
- Benteral feeding
- Cperitoneal dialysis
- Dall of the above
32Which condition will induce cell shrinking?
- Awhen interstitial fluid is hypertonic
- Bwhen interstitial fluid is hypotonic
- Cwhen interstitial fluid is isotonic
- Dall of the above
33An athlete who has lost a litre or more of fluid via sweating is best advised to replace this with a solution that contains both salts and water, and a total osmolarity of approximately:
- A5.8 mOsmols
- B90 mOsmols
- C280 mOsmols
- D560 mOsmols
34A clinical use of a hypertonic solution is:
- ATo correct whole blood loss with mild hypvolaemia
- BDehydrated patients with severe hypernatremia
- CTreat severe intracellular dehydration
- DTreating cerebral oedema and intracranial hypertension
35Which of the following is an example of an isotonic solution?
- A0.45% sodium chloride.
- B4% glucose with 0.18% sodium chloride.
- C10% glucose.
- D25% mannitol.
36Which of the following is an example of an hypotonic solution?
- A0.9% sodium chloride
- B25% mannitol
- CWater
- DWhole blood
37A 70-year-old male with chronic renal failure presents with oedema. Which of the following is the most likely cause of this condition?
- Aincreased interstitial oncotic pressure
- Bdecreased capillary oncotic pressure
- Cincreased capillary oncotic pressure
- Ddecreased capillary hydrostatic pressure
38A 10-year-old male is brought to the ED because he is incoherent and semiconscious. CT scan reveals he is suffering from cerebral oedema. This type of oedema is referred to as:
- Apitting oedema
- Blocalised oedema
- Cgeneralised oedema
- Dpulmonary oedema
39Insensible fluid loss refers to water lost through:
- Afaeces only
- Bperspiration only
- Curine and faeces
- Dperspiration and expiration
40A 35-year-old male weighs 70 kg. Approximately how much of this weight is intracellular fluid?
- A5 L
- B10 L
- C28 L
- D42 L
41A 5-year-old male presents to the ED with delirium and sunken eyes. After diagnosing him with severe dehydration, the doctor orders fluid replacement. The nurse administers a hypertonic IV solution. Which of the following would be expected?
- Ahis symptoms would subside quickly
- Bdecreased extracellular fluid volume
- Cintracellular dehydration
- Dincreased intracellular fluid volume
42Which of the following is a common cause of hyponatraemia?
- AProlonged period of rapid, deep respirations
- BExcessive sweating
- CLoss of the thirst mechanism
- DExcessive aldosterone secretion
43Which of the following ions is most closely related to water movement?
- APotassium
- BSodium
- CChloride
- DCalcium
44Which of the following is the primary cation in the extracellular fluid?
- ABicarbonate
- BPotassium
- CChloride
- DSodium
45Which compartment contains the greatest amount of body water
- AIntracellular
- BInterstital
- CPlasma
- DTranscellular
46When a patient is being treated with thiazide diuretics, there is a danger of ________, an unwanted and potentially dangerous side effect.
- Ahypocalcaemia
- Bhypokalaemia
- Chypophosphataemia
- Dhyponatraemia
47Hyperkalaemia causes:
- Aa decrease in resting membrane potential with increased excitability of cardiac muscle.
- Ba decrease in resting membrane potential with decreased excitability of cardiac muscle.
- Can increase in resting membrane potential with decreased excitability of cardiac muscle.
- Dan increase in resting membrane potential with increased excitability of cardiac muscle.
48Which of the following would most likely cause hypochloraemia?
- Ahypokalaemia
- Bhypernataemia
- Celevated bicarbonate
- Dhypercalcaemia
49A 42-year-old female presents to her GP complaining of muscle weakness and cardiac abnormalities. Laboratory tests indicate that she is hypokalaemic. Which of the following could be the cause of her condition?
- Ahypoglycaemia
- Brespiratory acidosis
- Cconstipation
- Dfrusemide therapy
50Secretion of aldosterone results in:
- Adecreased plasma osmolality.
- Bincreased blood volume.
- Cincreased serum potassium levels.
- Dlocalised oedema.
51Metabolic acidosis may be associated with
- AIncreased chloride levels
- BDecreased bicarbonate
- CIncreased metabolic acids
- DAll answers are correct
52Chronic compensation for respiratory acidosis includes:
- Akidney excretion of HCO3-
- Bkidney excretion of H+
- Cprotein buffering
- Dprolonged exhalations to blow off CO2
53Which of the following is a strong acid?
- APhosphorus
- BAlbumin
- CSodium chloride
- DLactate
54Long-term regulation of acid-base balance through removal or retention of acids is accomplished by the:
- Alungs
- Bkidneys
- Cliver
- Dprotein buffer systems
55Which of the following buffer pairs is considered the major plasma buffering system?
- ANH3/NH4
- BNaCl/KPO4
- CHCO3-/H2CO3
- DHPO4/H2PO4
56Autoregulation in the kidneys refers to:
- Athe control of systemic blood pressure by the kidneys.
- Bcontrol of blood flow by the SNS.
- Cthe secretion of renin and activation of angiotensin.
- Dlocal minor reflex adjustments in the arterioles to maintain normal blood flow.
57Place the following events in the correct sequence of events when ketoacids increase in the blood of a diabetic patient.
Not all options are used in the answers.
1. Serum pH decreases
2. Serum bicarbonate decreases
3. PCO2 decreases
4. Respiration decreases
5. Respiration increases
6. Serum pH increases
7. Serum bicarbonate increases- A7, 6, 5, 3, 6
- B2, 6, 5, 3, 7
- C7, 6, 4, 3, 1
- D2, 1, 5, 3, 6
58Which condition is likely to cause metabolic acidosis?
- ASlow, shallow respirations
- BExcessive fluid in the body
- CProlonged diarrhoea
- DMild vomiting
59A 55-year-old female presents to her GP complaining of dizziness, confusion and tingling in the extremities. Blood tests reveal an elevated pH, decreased PCO2 and slightly decreased HCO3-. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?
- Arespiratory alkalosis with renal compensation
- Brespiratory acidosis with renal compensation
- Cmetabolic alkalosis with respiratory compensation
- Dmetabolic acidosis with respiratory compensation
60Which serum value indicates decompensated metabolic acidosis?
- ABicarbonate level increases
- BBicarbonate level decreases
- CpH is above normal range
- DpH is below normal range
61Acute compensation for metabolic acidosis includes:
- ACO2 retention.
- Bkidney excretion of H+.
- Chyperventilation.
- Dhypoventilation.
62A 52-year-old male with diabetes presents to the ED with lethargy, confusion and depressed reflexes. His wife indicates that he does not follow the prescribed diet and takes his medication sporadically. Which of the following is most likely to occur?
- Adiabetes insipidus
- Bdecreased extracellular fluid osmolality
- Chyponatraemia
- Ddecreased urine formation
63Uncontrolled essential hypertension may cause chronic renal failure because of:
- Adamage to afferent arterioles and renal ischemia.
- Bfailure of tubules to respond to hormonal controls.
- Cglomerular congestion causes damaged capillaries.
- Dpredisposition to recurrent urinary tract infections.
64In chronic renal failure, which of the following is the most immediately dangerous?
- Aacidosis
- Bphosphataemia
- Chaematuria
- Danaemia
65Which of the following causes acute renal failure?
- ANephrosclerosis
- BBilateral acute glomerulonephritis
- CPolycystic kidney disease
- DPyelonephritis in the right kidney
66Which of the following is a typical sign of dehydration?
- ARapid, strong pulse
- BLow haematocrit
- CIncreased urine output
- DDecreased tissue turgor
67The normal pH of urine is:
- A1.5-5.5.
- B4.5- 8.0.
- C7.35-7.45.
- D7.0-10.
68Which of the following conditions would decrease oncotic pressure in the capillaries?
- Alow blood pressure
- Bhigh-protein diet
- Cliver failure
- Dhigh blood-glucose
69Chronic renal failure adversely affects which body system?
- Athe cardiovascular system
- Bthe respiratory system
- Cthe CNS
- DAll answers are correct
70Infants are at a higher risk for developing dehydration because they have:
- Aa lower total body water volume.
- Ba decreased intravascular volume.
- Ca greater body surface area.
- Dan increased tendency towards developing oedema.
71Which of the following would result in hyperkalaemia?
- Ainsulin
- Bexcess aldosterone
- Cacute acidosis
- Dalkalosis
72Which of the following results from decreased blood flow into the kidneys?
- ASystemic blood pressure drop
- BDilation of the afferent arterioles
- CIncreased angiotensin and systemic vasoconstriction
- DDecreased aldosterone secretion
73Which of the following alterations would result in fluid movement into the interstitial space?
- Aincreased interstitial hydrostatic pressure
- Bdecreased capillary hydrostatic pressure
- Cincreased capillary oncotic pressure
- Ddecreased capillary oncotic pressure
74Causes of respiratory acidosis include:
- Ahyperventilation.
- Ban increase in noncarbonic acids.
- Cpneumonia.
- Dvomiting.
75Crush injuries associated with a massive degree of cell rupture are likely to increase levels of extracellular:
- Apotassium
- Bcalcium
- Csodium
- Dphosphate
76Choose the basic cause of bone remodelling disorders associated with chronic renal failure.
- AExcessive loss of phosphate ion
- BDeficit of parathyroid hormone
- CFailure of the kidney to activate vitamin D
- DDevelopment of hypercalcemia
Información
- Descripción
- EoT Exam Module 5 & 6
- Autor
- Kathleen Jackson
- Idioma
- English
- Visitas
- 750
- Etiquetas
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