Basics - unknown

1. 1The membrane is a [blank_start]lipid bilayer[blank_end].

   1. Alipid bilayer
2. 2Kation channels have a [blank_start]high[blank_end] specificity, anion channels have a [blank_start]low[blank_end] specificity.

   1. Ahigh
   2. Blow
3. 3Ion channels can be activated by

   1. Astretch
   2. Bheat
   3. Cligands
   4. Dvoltage
   5. Ephotons
   6. Fphosphorylation
4. 4The equilibrium potential is the potential at which the [blank_start]ion flux[blank_end] due to [blank_start]concentration[blank_end] difference and ion flux due to the [blank_start]electrical potential[blank_end] gradient balance each other so that there is no [blank_start]net[blank_end] movement of ions and no net current.

   1. Aion flux
   2. Bconcentration
   3. Celectrical potential
   4. Dnet
5. 5The [blank_start]osmotic balance[blank_end] is the state in which the total concentrations of soluble particles is equal inside and outside of the cell.

   1. Aosmotic balance
6. 6Since the charges collect at the membrane it has the properties of a [blank_start]capacitor[blank_end], while [blank_start]cytoplasm[blank_end] and [blank_start]extracellular[blank_end] space remain neutral.

   1. Acapacitor
   2. Bcytoplasm
   3. Cextracellular
7. 7In the equilibrium state there is no [blank_start]net current[blank_end], therefore the different ion-currents add up to [blank_start]0[blank_end].

   1. Anet current
   2. B0
8. 8The absolute refractory period can be explained by the [blank_start]inactivation[blank_end] of [blank_start]sodium[blank_end] channels.
   The relative refractory period can be explained by the extended [blank_start]opening[blank_end] of [blank_start]potassium[blank_end] channels.

   1. Ainactivation
   2. Bactivation
   3. Csodium
   4. Dpotassium
   5. Ecalcium
   6. Fopening
   7. Gclosing
   8. Hpotassium
   9. Isodium
   10. Jcalcium
9. 9In the CNS myelin is formed by [blank_start]oligodendrocytes[blank_end].
   In the PNS myelin is formed by [blank_start]Schwann cells[blank_end].

   1. Aoligodendrocytes
   2. BSchwann cells
10. 10The fact that the action potential in an insulated axon jumps from node to node is called the [blank_start]saltatory[blank_end] propagation of action potentials.

    1. Asaltatory

11. 11Electric synapses are formed by [blank_start]gap junctions[blank_end].

    1. Agap junctions
12. 12Chemical synapses contain [blank_start]mitochondria[blank_end] for energy supply and [blank_start]synaptic vesicles[blank_end] that carry neurotransmitters.

    1. Amitochondria
    2. Bsynaptic vesicles
13. 13Signal transmission at a chemical synapse:
    
    (1) The arrival of an action potential opens voltage-gated [blank_start]calcium[blank_end]-channels.
    (2) The increase of calcium-ions triggers the release of neurotransmitters through [blank_start]exocytosis[blank_end] of synaptic vesicles into the [blank_start]synaptic cleft[blank_end].
    (3) The neurotransmitters bin to receptors and [blank_start]open[blank_end] channels.
    
    The used neurotransmitters get either reabsorbed into the [blank_start]presynaptic[blank_end] cell or broken down metabolically.

    1. Acalcium
    2. Bsodium
    3. Cpotassium
    4. Dexocytosis
    5. Eendocytosis
    6. Fsynaptic cleft
    7. Gsynaptic gap
    8. Hsynaptic fissure
    9. Iopen
    10. Jclose
    11. Kpresynaptic
    12. Lpostsynaptic
14. 14The signal transmission through transmitter-gated ion channels happens [blank_start]fast and transient[blank_end]. This is also called [blank_start]direct[blank_end] gating.
    
    There is also [blank_start]G-protein-coupled[blank_end] receptors, which is [blank_start]slower, longer lasting[blank_end] and can have more diverse effects (e.g. an amplification of the signal).
    This is also called [blank_start]indirect[blank_end] gating.

    1. Afast and transient
    2. Bslow and is long lasting
    3. Cdirect
    4. Dindirect
    5. Eindirect
    6. Fdirect
    7. GG-protein-coupled
    8. HF-enzyme-coupled
    9. IH-molecule-coupled
    10. Jslower, longer lasting
    11. Kfaster, more transient
15. 15Postsynaptic potentials are [blank_start]graded[blank_end].
    
    The most important neurotransmitters for EPSPs are:
    - [blank_start]glutamate[blank_end] in the CNS
    - [blank_start]acetylcholine[blank_end] for skeletal muscles
    
    The most important neurotransmitters for IPSPs are:
    - [blank_start]GABA[blank_end]
    - [blank_start]glycine[blank_end]
    - [blank_start]acetylcholine[blank_end] for smooth muscles (e.g. the heart)

    1. Agraded
    2. Bfixed
    3. Cglutamate
    4. DGABA
    5. Eglycine
    6. Facetylcholine
    7. Gglutamate
    8. Hglycine
    9. IGABA
    10. Jglutamate
    11. Kglycine
    12. Lglutamate
    13. Macetylcholine
    14. Nglutamate
16. 16The [blank_start]axon hillock[blank_end] is the last site in the soma where membrane potentials propagated from synaptic inputs are summated before being transmitted to the axon.

    1. Aaxon hillock

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neuroscience Test sobre Basics - unknown, creado por siben b el 05/01/2019.

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