Test
NMS Semester 2 Set 1 Quiz - The brain, hearing, taste and olfaction.
Preguntas del test (41)
1What is a function of the frontal lobe?
- APersonality
- BVisual processing
- CSensory analysis
- DMemory
2What is the function of the occipital lobe?
- APersonality
- BVisual processing
- CMemory
- DSensory analysis
3What is the function of the temporal lobe?
- APersonality
- BMemory
- CVisual processing
- DSensory analysis
4What is the function of the parietal lobe?
- ASensory analysis
- BMemory
- CVisual processing
- DPersonality
5What is the function of the pyramidal decussation?
- AIt supplies motor fibres to the rest of the body
- BIt connects the cerebellum to the rest of the CNS
- CIt is part of the ventricular system that produces CSF
6The cerebellar penduncles are the linkage between the cerebellum and the rest of the CNS
- AVerdadero
- BFalso
7What structures are supplied by the anterior cerebral artery?
- AFrontal lobe
- BParietal lobe
- CTemporal lobe
- DOccipital lobe
8What structures are supplied by the middle cerebral artery?
- AFrontal lobe
- BParietal lobe
- COccipital lobe
- DTemporal lobe
9What structures are supplied by the posterior cerebral artery?
- AFrontal lobe
- BParietal lobe
- COccipital lobe
- DTemporal lobe
1099.9% of sound would be lost without the middle ear ossicles that convert air to fluid energy.
- AVerdadero
- BFalso
11Three tiny muscles attach to the middle ear ossicles to dampen the sound produced by your own body.
- AVerdadero
- BFalso
12The high surface area of the tympanic membrane gives it high sensitivity so small sounds can be detected.
- AVerdadero
- BFalso
13What is the correct process in which sound is perceived?
- AConduction of soundwave from oval window -> Moves back and dissipates and wobbles the basilar membrane located in the cochlear -> deflects stereocilia that have mechanically gated K+ channels at the tip -> opens them and this causes depolarisation -> Ca2+ entry due to VG Ca2+ opening upon depolarisation -> causes NT release and action potential in sensory neuron -> stereocilia move back to original place after sound has dissipated.
- BConduction of soundwave from oval window -> Moves back and dissipates and wobbles the basilar membrane located in the cochlear -> deflects stereocilia that have mechanically gated K+ channels at the tip -> opens them and this causes repolarisation -> Ca2+ entry due to VG Ca2+ opening upon repolarisation -> causes NT release and action potential in sensory neuron -> stereocilia move back to original place after sound has dissipated.
- CConduction of soundwave from oral window -> Moves back and dissipates and wobbles the basilar membrane located in the cochlear -> deflects stereocilia that have mechanically gated K+ channels at the tip -> opens them and this causes depolarisation -> Ca2+ entry due to VG Ca2+ opening upon depolarisation -> causes NT release and action potential in sensory neuron -> stereocilia move back to original place after sound has dissipated.
14Which area of the cochlea/basilar membrane are receptive to high and low frequency sounds?
- A
- B
- A
15Why are lower frequency sounds detected further along the length of the cochlea?
- AThe basilar membrane is narrow and stiff at the base and wide and floppy at the apex and therefore low energy sounds wobble the apex which is picked up by the brain as a low frequency sound.
- BThe basilar membrane is wide and floppy at the base and narrow and stiff at the apex and therefore high energy sounds such as those that are low frequency wobble the apex which is picked up by the brain as a low frequency sound.
- CLow frequency sounds have higher energy and travel further along the basilar membrane. This causes deflection of the stereocilia further along the length of the cochlea and therefore detection of low frequency sounds.
16Are inner hair cells myelinated or unmyelinated? What is the benefit of this?
- AMyelinated
- BUnmyelinated
- CConduction to the brain is faster
- DConduction to the brain is slowed and has enough time to process the information
17What is the route of transmission of hearing to the brain?
- ASpiral ganglion -> ventral cochlear nucleus (the "splitter") -> inferior colliculus -> medial geniculate nucleus -> Auditory cortex
- BSpiral ganglion -> ventral cochlear nucleus (the "splitter") -> inferior colliculus -> medial geniculate nucleus -> Visual cortex
- CSpiral ganglion -> ventral cochlear nucleus (the "splitter") -> inferior colliculus -> lateral geniculate nucleus -> Auditory cortex
18How can the brain cause descending influence to dampen hearing?
- AAttenuation reflex (two tiny muscles)
- BAlter sensitivity of outer hair cells
- CThicken the tympanic membrane
- DContract the cochlear to reduce basilar membrane wobble
19What is conductive deafness?
- AProblem with the ossicles of the middle ear
- BDamaged hair cells that cannot perceive sound anymore
- CA problem with higher brain centres like the auditory cortex
20What is sensorineural deafness?
- AProblem with the ossicles of the middle ear
- BDamage to the hair cells
- CA problem with higher brain centres like the auditory cortex
21What is central deafness?
- AProblems with the ossicles in the middle ear
- BDamage to the hair cells
- CProblems with higher brain centres such as the auditory cortex
22A cochleal implant effectively emulates the basilar membrane. Low frequency sounds travel further along the implant wiring and high frequency sounds travel a shorter distance and this input can be directly linked to the auditory nerve to stimulate it.
- AVerdadero
- BFalso
23Taste cells are sensory neurons.
- AVerdadero
- BFalso
24Salt is detected via gated Na+ channels.
- AVerdadero
- BFalso
25Upon activation, sour detectors (PKD2L1 and PKD1L3) are depolarised and cause Ca2+ entry etc.
- AVerdadero
- BFalso
26What tastes are detected by the activation of G-protein coupled receptors?
- ASalt
- BSour
- CUmami
- DBitter
- ESweet
27What is the mechanism by which sweet, umami and bitter tastes are detected?
- AReceptor activated -> associated heterotrimeric complex alpha sub unit activated -> activates phospholipase-c-beta2 -> PLC-b2 activates IP3 -> IP3 activates TRPM -> Ca2+ influx -> neurotransmitter release -> sensory neurone excitation -> AP
- BReceptor activated -> associated heterotrimeric complex beta sub unit activated -> activates phospholipase-c-beta2 -> PLC-b2 activates IP3 -> IP3 activates TRPM -> Ca2+ influx -> neurotransmitter release -> sensory neurone excitation -> AP
- CReceptor activated -> associated heterodimeric complex alpha sub unit activated -> activates phospholipase-c-beta2 -> PLC-b2 activates IP3 -> IP3 activates TRPM -> Ca2+ influx -> neurotransmitter release -> sensory neurone excitation -> AP
- DReceptor activated -> associated heterodimeric complex beta sub unit activated -> activates phospholipase-c-beta2 -> PLC-b2 activates IP3 -> IP3 activates TRPM -> Ca2+ influx -> neurotransmitter release -> sensory neurone excitation -> AP
28Which taste receptor is constant for sweet and umami (NOT PRESENT IN BITTER!)?
- AT1R3
- BT2R
- CT1R1
- DT1R2
29Which taste receptor is variable for sweet?
- AT1R2
- BT2R
- CT1R1
- DT1R3
30Which taste receptor is variable for umami?
- AT1R1
- BT1R2
- CT2R
- DT1R3
31Which taste receptor is variable for bitter?
- AT2R
- BT1R3
- CT1R2
- DT1R1
32Each taste cell can detect multiple types of taste.
- AVerdadero
- BFalso
33Where does taste information go to in the CNS?
- APrimary gustatory cortex
- BPre-frontal gustatory cortex
- CFrontal cortex
- DHippocampus
34Olfaction is more sensitive than taste.
- AVerdadero
- BFalso
35What is the mechanism of olfaction?
- AOdorant binds -> alpha subunit of heterotrimeric complex activated -> alpha subunit activates adenylyl cyclase -> adenylyl cyclase activates Na+/Ca2+ symporter. Na+ helps with depol and Ca2+ helps with NT release -> Ca2+ activates calcium activated Cl- channel and Cl- is extruded causing further depolarisation.
- BOdorant binds -> beta subunit of heterotrimeric complex activated -> alpha subunit activates adenylyl cyclase -> adenylyl cyclase activates Na+/Ca2+ symporter. Na+ helps with depol and Ca2+ helps with NT release -> Ca2+ activates calcium activated Cl- channel and Cl- is extruded causing further depolarisation.
- COdorant binds -> alpha subunit of heterodimeric complex activated -> alpha subunit activates adenylyl cyclase -> adenylyl cyclase activates Na+/Ca2+ symporter. Na+ helps with depol and Ca2+ helps with NT release -> Ca2+ activates calcium activated Cl- channel and Cl- is extruded causing further depolarisation.
- DOdorant binds -> beta subunit of heterodimeric complex activated -> alpha subunit activates adenylyl cyclase -> adenylyl cyclase activates Na+/Ca2+ symporter. Na+ helps with depol and Ca2+ helps with NT release -> Ca2+ activates calcium activated Cl- channel and Cl- is extruded causing further depolarisation.
36Olfactory cells can only be stimulated by one type of odorant each.
- AVerdadero
- BFalso
37Olfactory cells of the same type converge into a common glomerulus where signals are then carried via the olfactory tract to the brain.
- AVerdadero
- BFalso
38Olfactory cells are neurones
- AVerdadero
- BFalso
39What three areas of the brain detect smell?
- APre-frontal cortex
- BOrbitofrontal cortex
- COlfactory cortex
- DThalamus
- EHypothalamus
40Detection of specific odorants requires specific coordination of neurons in the brain which produces smell profiles.
- AVerdadero
- BFalso
41The brain never considers taste and smell when trying to fine tune the two senses.
- AVerdadero
- BFalso
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