Test
Sin título
Este test tiene tipos de pregunta que se abren en el reproductor de siempre.
Preguntas del test (52)
1What structures provide protection for the spinal cord? (tick all that apply)
- AVetebrae
- BSpinal meninges (connective tissue)
- CCSF (produced in the brain)
- DCranial meninges
- EVertebral ligaments
- FForamen magnum in the occipital bone
- Gfat and connective tissue in the epidural space
2Meninges: The outer/superficial layer is the [blank_start]dura mater[blank_end]. The middle later is called the [blank_start]arachnoid mater[blank_end]. The inner layer is called the [blank_start]pia mater[blank_end] which adheres to the surface of the spinal cord and brain and contains blood vessels. The space between the outer layer and the wall of the verterbal canal/skull is called the [blank_start]epidural space[blank_end]. In the spine this contains fat & connective tissue which has a protective function. The space separating the outer and middle layer is called the [blank_start]subdural space[blank_end]. This contains [blank_start]interstitial fluid[blank_end]. The space separating the middle and inner layer is called the [blank_start]subarachnoid space[blank_end]. This contains [blank_start]CSF[blank_end]
- Adura mater
- Barachnoid mater
- Cpia mater
- Depidural space
- Esubdural space
- Fsubarachnoid space
- GCSF
- Hinterstitial fluid
3The dura mater is the innermost layer of the meninges
- AVerdadero
- BFalso
4The subdural space contains CSF
- AVerdadero
- BFalso
5The pia mater is the innermost layer of the meninges
- AVerdadero
- BFalso
6The epidural space contains a layer of connective tissue and fat
- AVerdadero
- BFalso
7The spinal meninges extends from the foramen magnum in the occipital bone of the skull to which vertebrae
- A2nd thoracic
- B2nd sacral
- C5th sacral
- D5th lumbar
- E2nd lumbar
8The spinal cord extends from the medulla oblongata in the brain, through the foranum magnum in the occipital bone of the skull, to which vertebrae?
- A2nd thoracic
- B2nd sacral
- C5th sacral
- D5th lumbar
- E2nd lumbar
9How many pairs of spinal nerves are there?
- A6
- B12
- C21
- D30
- E31
- F39
10There are [blank_start]31[blank_end] pairs of spinal nerves and [blank_start]32[blank_end] vertebrae: There are [blank_start]8[blank_end] pairs of cervical nerves and [blank_start]7[blank_end] cervical vertebrae. There are [blank_start]12[blank_end] pairs of thoracic nerves and the same number of thoracic vertebrae. There are [blank_start]5[blank_end] pairs of lumbar nerves and the same number of lumbar vertebrae. There are [blank_start]5[blank_end] pairs of sacral nerves and the same number of fused sacral vertebrae. There is [blank_start]1[blank_end] pair of coccygeal nerves and [blank_start]3[blank_end] fused coccygeal vertebrae. There are [blank_start]TWELVE[blank_end] pairs of cranial nerves. The spinal cord ends at [blank_start]L2[blank_end] but the meninges extend to [blank_start]S2[blank_end].
- A31
- B32
- C8
- D7
- E12
- F5
- GFIVE
- H1
- I3
- JTWELVE
- KL2
- LS2
11The spinal cord is shorter than the vertebral column.
- AVerdadero
- BFalso
12The cauda equina is the name used to describe the roots of the nerves that exit the spinal cord at a different level than the vertebral column. This is because the spinal cord ends at L2.
- AVerdadero
- BFalso
13White matter in the brain and spinal cord gets its colour from [blank_start]myelinated[blank_end] neurons. Conversely grey matter contains [blank_start]umyelinated[blank_end] neurons
- Amyelinated
- Bunmyelinated
- Cmyelinated
- Dunmyelinated
14The area of skin that provides sensory input to the CNS via one pair of spinal nerves is called
- Aa plexus
- Ba dermatome
- Ca segment
- Dcauda equina
15There is no overlap between dermatomes
- AVerdadero
- BFalso
16Both the cranial and the spinal dura mater consist of one layer
- AVerdadero
- BFalso
17The cranial dura mater consists of 2 layers but the spinal dura mater consists of one
- AVerdadero
- BFalso
18CSF
- AContains ions which provide an optimal environment for neuronal signalling
- BContains exchange of nutrients and waste products
- CProvides shock absorbing function (mechanical protection)
19The volume of CSF is
- A20-80ml
- B80-150ml
- C120-300ml
- D5000-6000ml
20Patients who are FAST+ should be conveyed with a pre-alert to a HASU if their symptoms are less than..
- A3.5 hours old
- B4 hours old
- C4.5 hours old
- D6 hours old
21Patients who on assesment have new onset FAST+ive symptoms which are over 4.5 hours old should be conveyed
- Ato the local A&E
- Bto a HASU with a pre-alert
- Cto a HASU under normal driving conditions
22The following are priorities in FAST+ive patients
- AECG
- BMinimal on scene time
- CBM to exclude low blood sugar as a mimic
- DIV access
- EPre-alert to HASU
- FDivert to nearest A&E if it is not clinically safe to undertake a longer transfer (e.g. airway compromise, persistent seizures, respiratory failure)
23The patient has had a TIA and the symptoms have completely resolved by the time we arrive
on scene, or appear to be resolving whilst we are with them – where should they be taken?- AA&E
- BHASU with prealert
- CHASU under normal driving conditions
24The following patients should be taken to the HASU with a prealert
- AUnequal smile or obvious one sided facial weakness
- BOne arm drifts down or falls
- CSudden loss of speech (aphasia) in an awake patient who was previously well OR has word-finding difficulties OR slurred speech.
- DChildren with new onset focal neurological signs
- ESudden, unexplained loss of balance OR visual field loss after despite a negative FAST:
- if there is strong suggestion that this could be new acute neurology in an otherwise healthy patient
- after discussing the case with the Clinical Hub,
- especially if the patient has risk factors for stroke (e.g. atrial fibrillation, smoking, and hypertension). - FPatients who wake up with stroke symptoms (if you believe the symptoms to be over 4.5 hours old)
- GThe patient has had a TIA and the symptoms have completely resolved by the time we arrive
on scene - HPatients who are unable to complete a FAST test due to a low level of consciousness but have good evidence of new focal neurology (provided that the patient’s airway is protected and ventilation is effective)
- IPatients with unmanageable airway compromise, respiratory failure or persistent seizures
25True stroke in children is incredibly rare. The vast majority of children with focal neurological signs (a
positive FAST) have a non-stroke diagnosis, most commonly fits or seizures. Therefore patients under the age of 16 with focal neurological signs should be conveyed to the nearest Emergency Department with paediatric services, with a priority call.- AVerdadero
- BFalso
26Label the brain
- ACerebrum
- BCerebellum
- CSpinal cord
- DMedulla oblongata
- EPons
- FMidbrain
- GHypothalamus
- HThalamus
27The following statements about CSF are correct
- ACSF is formed in the choroid plexuses
- BCSF flows through the subdural space
- CChoroid plexuses are only located in the lateral ventricles
- DCSF returns to the circulation through arachnoid villi in the dural venous sinuses
- ECSF is formed at a rate of about 20ml/hour from the blood
- FCSF flows between the lateral ventricles and third ventricle through the aqueduct of the midbrain (cerebral aqueduct)
- GCSF flows between the third ventricle and fourth ventricle through the aqueduct of the midbrain (cerebral aqueduct)
- HCSF flows between the fourth ventricle and subarachnoid space through lateral and median apertures.
- ICSF flows between the fourth ventricle and subarachnoid space through intraventricular foramina.
28The brain stem contains the medulla oblongata, thalamus and diencephalon
- AVerdadero
- BFalso
29The diencephalon contains the thalamus and hypothalamus
- AVerdadero
- BFalso
30The brain stem contains the midbrain, pons & medulla oblongata
- AVerdadero
- BFalso
31The medulla's [blank_start]white matter[blank_end] contains all the sensory (ascending) and motor (decending) tracts that extend between the spinal cord and the brain. Some of the white matter forms bulges on the anterior aspect of the medulla called [blank_start]pyramids[blank_end]. The pyramids contain tracts that connect the cerebrum to the spinal cord and control [blank_start]voluntary[blank_end] movements of the limbs and trunk. Just superior to the junction of the medulla with the spinal cord 90% of the axons in the left pyramid cross to the right side and vice versa. This is called the [blank_start]decussation of pyramids[blank_end]. The explains why each side of the brain controls movement on the [blank_start]opposite[blank_end] side of the body.
- Awhite matter
- Bgrey matter
- Cpyramids
- Dvoluntary
- Einvoluntary
- Fdecussation of pyramids
- Gopposite
- Hsame
32The [blank_start]CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM (CNS)[blank_end] consists of the brain and spinal cord. The [blank_start]PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM (PNS)[blank_end] includes all nervous tissue outside the brain and spinal cord.
- ACENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM (CNS)
- BPERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM (PNS)
- CCENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM (CNS)
- DPERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM (PNS)
33The following parts of the nervous system are part of the PERIPHERAL nervous system (PNS)
- Athe AUTONOMIC nervous system (ANS)
- Bthe brain
- Cthe SOMATIC nervous system (SNS)
- Dthe PARASYMPATHETIC nervous system
- Ethe SYMPATHETIC nervous system
- Fthe ENTERIC nervous system (ENS)
- Gthe CENTRAL nervous system (CNS)
- Hthe spinal cord
34The autonomic nervous system (ANS) motor responses are not normally under conscious control and therefore the action of the ANS is said to be involuntary
- AVerdadero
- BFalso
35The somatic nervous system (SNS) motor responses are not normally under conscious control and therefore the action of the SNS is said to be involuntary
- AVerdadero
- BFalso
36Motor neurons of the SOMATIC nervous system conduct impulses that control [blank_start]skeletal muscles[blank_end]. As these responses [blank_start]can be consciously controlled[blank_end] they are said to be [blank_start]voluntary[blank_end]. Motor neurons of the AUTONOMIC and ENTERIC nervous system [blank_start]are not normally consciously controlled[blank_end] and so are said to be [blank_start]involuntary[blank_end]. The ANS controls [blank_start]smooth muscle, cardiac muscle and gland[blank_end]. The ENS controls [blank_start]smooth muscle, glands and endocrine cell[blank_end]s of the GI tract.
- Askeletal muscles
- Bcan be consciously controlled
- Care not normally consciously controlled
- Dinvoluntary
- Evoluntary
- Fsmooth muscle, cardiac muscle and gland
- Gsmooth muscle, glands and endocrine cell
37Motor impulses from the SOMATIC nervous system are not normally under conscious control and so are said to be involuntary.
- AVerdadero
- BFalso
38All parts of the peripheral nervous system (PNS) are INVOLUNTARY
- AVerdadero
- BFalso
39Skeletal muscle is controlled by motor responses from the autonomic nervous system (ANS)
- AVerdadero
- BFalso
40The sympathetic division and parasympathetic division and parts of the autonomic nervous system (ANS)
- AVerdadero
- BFalso
41Smooth muscle, cardiac muscle and glands that are controlled by the ANS are innervated by EITHER the parasympathetic or the sympathetic division.
- AVerdadero
- BFalso
42Smooth muscle, cardiac muscle and glands that are controlled by the ANS generally receive input from BOTH the sympathetic division and parasympathetic division of the ANS which usually have opposing actions
- AVerdadero
- BFalso
43The balance between sympathetic and parasympathetic activity is called autonomic tone and is regulated by
- Amedulla oblongata
- Bthalamus
- Chypothalamus
- DCNS
44A few structures (e.g. sweat glands, arrector pilli muscles attached to hair follicles in the skin, the kidneys, the spleen, most blood vessels, the adrenal medullae) receive ONLY sympathetic innervation.
- AVerdadero
- BFalso
45The following are part of the SYMPATHETIC 'fight or flight' response..
- APupils constrict
- BHeart rate, force of contraction and BP increase
- CAirways constrict
- DBlood vessels supplying the kidneys and GI tract constrict resulting in a decrease in urine output.
- ELiver cells breakdown glycogen into glucose (glycogenolysis) which is released into the blood to increase blood sugar level. Adipose cells breakdown triglycerides to fatty acids and glycerol (lipolysis).
- Fadrenaline and noradrenaline secreted into the blood from the adrenal medulla.
- GHeart rate, force of contraction and BP decrease
- HPupils dilate
46Pupil dilation is a sympathetic response
- AVerdadero
- BFalso
47The parasympathetic response includes SLUDD: [blank_start]Salivation[blank_end], [blank_start]Lacrimation[blank_end], [blank_start]Urination[blank_end], [blank_start]Digestion[blank_end], [blank_start]Defecation[blank_end]. There are also 3 'decreases': h[blank_start]eart rate[blank_end], b[blank_start]ronchoconstriction[blank_end], p[blank_start]upil constriction[blank_end].
- ASalivation
- BLacrimation
- CUrination
- DDigestion
- EDefecation
- Feart rate
- Gronchoconstriction
- Hupil constriction
48The [blank_start]sympathetic[blank_end] division favours body functions that can support vigorous physical activity and rapid production of energy/ATP; the [blank_start]parasympathetic[blank_end] division regulates activities that conserve and restore body energy.
- Asympathetic
- Bparasympathetic
- Csympathetic
- Dparasympathetic
49SAME: sensory [blank_start]afferent[blank_end], motor [blank_start]efferent[blank_end]
- Aafferent
- Befferent
50Label the 8 cranial bones:
- AParietal bone x2
- BFrontal bone
- CTemporal bone x2
- DOccipital bone
- ESphenoid bone
- FEthmoid bone
51Label the 14 facial bones
- ANasal bone x 2
- BMaxillae x 2
- CZygomatic bone x 2
- DMandible
- EVomer
- FInferior nasal conchae x 2
- GPalatine bone x 2
- Hlacrimal bone x 2
52How many bones are there in the skull?
- A22 (8 cranial, 14 facial)
- B22 (12 cranial, 10 facial)
- C24 (12 cranial, 12 facial
- D24 (10 cranial, 14 facial)
Información
- Descripción
- Test sobre Sin título, creado por alexboda el 19/10/2015.
- Autor
- alexboda
- Idioma
- English
- Visitas
- 0
- Valoración
- Aún sin valoraciones Valora este test