Test
Cognition: Exam 2 Quiz Questions
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Preguntas del test (84)
1 Which word is not processed by the letter-to-sound pathway?
- Ahush
- Bbush
- Ccrush
- Dbrush
- Eblush
2Which spelling error is least likely to be detected?
- ASelter
- BSiller
- CFarn
- DSaller
- EFirn
3The reason that the same set of ambiguous strokes is read "B" in one context and "13" in another context without awareness of the ambiguity is
- Amaking an interpretation in one context makes it difficult to make the same interpretation in another context
- Bthe structural description of the stroke pattern is different each time it is encountered
- Cit is not possible to perceive both interpretations of an ambiguous visual pattern
- Dletters are more salient for some people and numbers are more salient for other people
- Ethe context primes only one structural description
4Priming may occur between
- ATwo words similar in meaning that occur close together in time
- BTwo words with the same initial consonant cluster that occur in the same context
- CAny two words that occur close together in time
- DAny two words that are spoken in the same voice
- EAny two words that are spoken in the same context
5A human adaptation for language is
- AThe location of the voice box
- BThe speech processing area in the left temporal lobe
- CThe speech production area in the left frontal lobe
- DThe logogens for word recognition
- EAll of the above
6Animals that have a specialized area in the left hemisphere controlling vocalization include
- Asome songbirds
- Bother primates besides humans
- Cother great apes besides human
- Dsome songbirds and primates (other than humans)
- Ebonobo chimpanzees
7The phonemic restoration effect occurs when the missing phoneme is:
- Apart of a meaningful utterance
- Bis replaced with noise
- Cis part of a word
- Dall of the above
- Enone of the above
8When a speech segment matches more than one syllable representation, one is selected if
- Ait can be combined with prior and subsequent representations matching other segments to form a word
- Bit forms part of a word that can be combined with prior and subsequent words to form a grammatical sequence
- Cit forms part of a grammatical sequence that can be combined with prior sequences to form a meaningful phrase
- Dit forms part of a meaningful phrase that can be combined with subsequent phrases to form a meaningful utterance.
- Eall of the above
9"Because of the hold, they later went for two" is difficult to understand because
- Aungrammatical
- Bterse
- Cit is syntactically complex
- Dit lacks context
- Edeictic.
10In aphasia, one language function that is always impaired is
- Avocal volume
- Bspoken and written sentence comprehension
- Cspoken intonation
- Dauditory threshold
- Epitch discrimination.
11 In the mobile recognition paradigm, the infant is connected to the mobile during
- Abaseline
- Btraining
- Ctest
- Dall of the above
- Enone of the above
12One factor that influences retention of the memory of a mobile or train that an infant has learned to move is
- AThe age of the infant
- BThe attractiveness of the study object
- CThe communication skills of the infant
- DThe time of day of the training session.
- EThe sex of the infant
13After two days of training, a 3-month-old infant trained to kick to move the training mobile will:
- Akick to any hanging object
- Bkick to only the training mobile
- Ckick to any swinging object
- Dkick to move any similar mobile
- Ekick to move any mobile
14 In which condition is the 3-month-old infant most likely to kick to a mobile during test
- ATraining with mobile A on days 1 and 3, testing with mobile A on day 9
- BTraining with mobile A on days 1 and 3, testing with mobile B on day 9
- CTraining with mobile A on day 1 and testing with mobile A on day 5
- DTraining with mobile A on day 1 and mobile B on day 2, testing with mobile 1 on day 9
- ETraining with mobile A on days 1 and 2, testing with mobile A on day 14
15 When a more memorable event immediately occurs after a less memorable event:
- AThe infant incorporates features of the more memorable event into the less memorable event, creating a false memory.
- BRetention of the more memorable event is somewhat reduced by association with the less memorable event
- CRetention of the each event is independent of the other
- DThe infant forgets the less memorable event
- EThe infant associates them and remembers the otherwise less memorable event longer
16When an infant is reminded by being shown the target of an action
- AThe older the infant, the longer the interval between the presentation of the target and the retrieval of the action.
- BThe retention interval for the reminder is nearly as long as for the original training
- CAt less than six months of age, the reminder is not yet effective
- DAt greater than six months of age, the reminder is not yet effective
- EThe mobile and train, but not the puppet, are effective reminders
17English is an unusual language in the relationship of its printed to spoken forms. Most languages have regular spelling rules and only require the letter-to-sound pathway to read. However, because English is an amalgam of Anglo-Saxon and French, its spelling rules are irregular. Which word is not processed by the letter-to-sound pathway?
- Acome
- Bhome
- Cdome
- Drome
- Enone of the above
18Evidence that pronunciation of a word is automatically generated when it is seen comes from the fact that misspelled words that are homonyms of correctly spelled words take longer to detect. Which spelling error takes longest to be detected?
- ANavion
- BNasion
- CNetion
- DNution
- ENition
19Over a century ago, Cattell discovered semantic priming while measuring the threshold for word recognition. Cow will be read fastest when preceded by
- Aapple
- Bbird
- Csnake
- Dmammal
- Ebug
20The effect of context on the processing of ambiguous targets plays an important role on keeping people oriented to the task at hand. An ambiguous drawing of a rat or a face is seen as a rat in the context of other animals because
- Athe animal context results in more superficial processing
- Bother animals share more of the form features of the drawing
- Cthe other animals semantically prime the rat structural description
- Dother animals induce a whole body rather than a facial interpretation of the drawing
- Eit is not possible to construct a facial spatial description in the context of animals
21What is true about early language learning?
- ACooing consists of stop consonants, like /t/ and /d/
- BBabbling consists only of the sounds of the language the infant hears
- CBabbling begins with consonant-vowel-consonant combinations containing stop consonants, like /t/ and /d/
- DBabbling begins with random sequences like tadedoti.
- EAdult speech to infants often contains many simple consonants, like /m/, /b/, and /p/
22The first aspect of language that an infant detects is:
- AThe most common phoneme
- BThe most common word
- CIts stress pattern
- DIts fundamental pitch
- ENone of the above
23Using words like camed and comed is a symptom of
- Aautism
- Bnormal language learning
- Cagrammatism
- Ddeep dyslexia
- Especific language impairment
24 Autistic children have impaired language development as the result of
- Apoor hearing
- Bpoor speech and hearing
- Cimpaired social relations
- Dattention deficit disorder
- Epoor motor control
25One measure that predicts subsequent vocabulary growth for 4-year-olds is
- Aword recognition
- Bquestion comprehension
- Cnonword repetition
- Dword recall
- Eword repitition
26A vocabulary surge occurs at
- A26 months
- B10 months
- C18 months
- D22 months
- E14 months
27Over three million years ago, the human diverged from the line that produced chimpanzees and bonobos. Since then, humans have undergone several evolutionary changes that collectively have made human language possible. A human adaptation for language is:
- Athe bilateral speech production areas in the left and right frontal lobes
- Bthe speech processing area in the left inferior colliculus
- Cthe speech processing area in the left parietal lobe
- Dthe location of the voice box
- Ethe shape of the auditory canal
28 For a long part of their history, professionals in the fields of speech science and linguistics were trained to hear and record accurately precisely the sounds that a speaker produced. However, this proved to be impossible. Since communication is the goal of speech, when a predictable speech sound is missing from the speech input, the brain of the listener just fills it in. The phonemic restoration effect occurs when the missing phoneme is:
- Areplaced by silence
- Bpart of a nonspeech sound
- CPart of a word in a sentence
- Dpart of a nonsense word
- Edoes not change the meaning of the word
29In conversation, understanding of the speaker's knowledge allows the speaker to leave some things unsaid. This is what makes text messaging possible. At some point in the future your own text messages will be incomprehensible to you. The reason that you don’t understand “College was impossible because he couldn't wait,” is
- Athe syntax is too difficult
- Byou lack the necessary contextual information
- Cit is a novel sentence
- Dit is ambiguous
- Eit is a “garden path” sentence
30Most cognitive functions are performed in equally by both hemispheres in all animals. There is one exception. The left hemisphere is specialized for vocalization in:
- Ahumans and chimpanzees
- Bhumans and orangutans
- Chumans and monkeys
- Dhumans only
- EAll great apes
31Contrary to our intuitions, we do not hear speech as it is spoken, word for word, but at the end of each phrase, after a brief delay. The sound a small segment of a sentence is heard as may be influenced by
- Aonly the sound immediately before it
- Bonly the sounds immediately before and after it
- Conly the sounds and meanings of the words before it
- Donly the sounds before it and the meaning of the word it is part of
- Ethe sounds and meanings of the words before and after it
32Family members may over-estimate an aphasic patient's language comprehension because the patient is able to understand non-linguistic cues. In aphasia, which ability may be normal?
- AReading aloud
- BReading silently
- CWriting to dictation
- DWriting requests and commands
- ECopying a line drawing
33An example of a basic level category is:
- AOak Tree
- BHedge
- CLiquid
- DTree
- EPlant
34 A typical category member of a perceptually-defined category
- Adoes not have any defining category features
- Blooks like a lot of other category members
- CIs common
- Dis present in many locales
- Ehas at least one unique feature
35A four-year old sees John hide a candy in the blue box and Sam move it to the red box when John is away. When asked, the child will answer that when he returns ___ will look for the candy in ___ box.
- AJohn; the red
- BJohn; the blue
- CSam; the blue
- DSam; either
- EJohn; Sam’s box
36 When the category learning of humans versus rhesus monkeys was compared:
- Ahumans were superior for verbal categories
- Bafter practice there was a sharp increase in performance for humans
- Chumans showed the most improvement for the most complex categories
- Dthere was no difference for visual categories
- Eboth species made use of verbal rules
37Infants both learn through their own actions and by observing the actions of others. Immediately after viewing one puppet pull the glove off of another, an infant discovers that by banging a large spoon on the tray on his high chair, he can make a loud banging sound, which he loves.
- AThe infant will immediately forgot the puppet show.
- BThe puppet will become a cue for the banging action and increase retention of it.
- CThe spoon will become a cue for the puppet show but will not increase the retention interval for it.
- DThis will have no effect on memory of the puppet show.
- EThe spoon will become a cue for the puppet show and increase the retention interval for it.
38An infant does not always have to repeat an action to increase the retention interval over which its result is remembered. When an infant is shown a reminder of an action:
- Athe older the infant, the longer the interval before the action is retrieved
- Bthe puppet and train, but not the mobile, are effective reminders
- Che mobile and train, but not the puppet, are effective reminders
- Donly the mobile is an effective reminder, but not the train or puppet
- Ethe retention interval for the reminder is nearly as long as for the original training
39A single training session, a three-month-old infant forgets the training mobile in five days. So, a second training session is required for longer retention. Which 3-month-old infant was most likely to kick to mobile A on day 9?
- AEd was trained on mobile A on day 1 and on day 2
- BCal was trained on mobile A on day 1 and mobile B on day 6
- CAl was trained on mobile A on day 1 and day 3
- DBob was trained on mobile A on day 1 and mobile B on day 8
- EDon was trained on mobile A on day 1 and mobile B on day 3
40The factors that determine retention of the memory of an event for infants are the same as for adults. After learning to kick to move a training mobile, whether an infant kicks to move a test mobile is a function of:
- Athe similarity between the training and test mobile
- Bthe similarity between the training and test crib liner
- Cthe similarity between the training and test crib
- Dall of the above
- Enone of the above
41The best way to learn a phone number is
- Acount to seven after you hear the phone number, then repeat it
- Brepeat each digit as it is heard
- Crepeat the entire string in reverse order as each digit is heard
- Drepeat the entire phone number immediately after hearing the last digit
- Egenerate a visual image of each digit, as it is heard
42The first time you heard your 9-digit student number and tried to write it down, which digits were you most likely to get wrong?
- AYou would not get any wrong.
- BThe last three.
- CThere was an equal probability of getting each digit wrong.
- DThe first three
- EThe middle three
43In an immediate recall task, increasing the speed of item presentation should have which effect?
- ADecreased distributed rehearsal of the middle of the study list.
- BIncreased distributed rehearsal of the beginning of the study list.
- CIncreased distributed rehearsal of the middle of the study list.
- DDecreased distributed rehearsal of the beginning of the study list
- EDecreased distributed rehearsal of the end of the study list.
44Which name on this list would be most memorable because of the Von Restorff Effect to someone unfamiliar with college football: Wisconsin, Nebraska, Illinois, Michigan, Indiana, Purdue, Ohio, Maryland.
- AMaryland
- BWisconsin
- CNebraska
- DPurdue
- EIllinois
45Infant vocalization of speech sounds begins with cooing and babbling. What is true about early language learning?
- ACooing consists only of the sounds of the language the infant hears.
- BBabbling consists of the simple sounds of all languages.
- CBabbling begins with consonant-vowel-consonant combinations containing stop consonants, like /t/ and /d/
- DBabbling begins with reduplications like mama and papa.
- EAdult speech to infants often contains many simple consonants, like /m/, /b/, and /p/
46Each spoken language has one of three different stress patterns. Infants detect the stress pattern of the language spoken to them
- AAs the first step towards segmenting the speech stream into words
- BAs soon as they can pronounce a few words
- Cas soon as they detect the fundamental pitch of the language
- Das soon as they detect the most frequent phonemes
- Eas soon as they detect the most frequent words
47The ability of a mother and child to focus on each other and an object at the same time is crucial to learning the names of things. There are several toys on the floor between the mother child. Which toy is the mother most likely to name?
- Athe most colorful
- Bthe one closest to the child
- Cthe novel one
- Dthe most familiar
- Ethe largest
48 Over-generalization is characteristic of normal speech development and not a symptom of a disability. Because they generalize inflections across similar words, children sometimes say
- Agoed
- Bmealed
- Csonged
- Ddirted
- Espeeched
49Autism often emerges when an apparently normal infant begins to regress. Autistic children have
- Aimpaired social relations with all other people. The distinct behavioral characteristics ... include an inability to develop normal relations with people
- Bpoor object recognition
- Cpoor hearing
- Dtelegraphic speech
- Eexcellent singing ability
50Four-year-old children must learn new words every day in order to have a vocabulary of sufficient size to learn sentence structure. An indication that a 4-year-old can encode the sounds of new words and hence is capable of rapid vocabulary growth is
- Agood word recall
- Bgood word recognition
- Cgood question comprehension
- Dgood nonword repetition
- Egood word repetition
51You decide to learn the functions of various body parts by creating linking sentences that contain the name of each part and its function. Who can provide you with the most effective linking sentences for this task?
- AThe course instructor
- BYourself
- CAn experimental psychologist studying learning
- DA clinical psychologist specializing in learning strategies
- EA professional mnemonist
52Which list is easiest to learn?
- ADog fox wolf tiger leopard puma moose antelope elk
- BDog tiger moose fox leopard antelope wolf puma elk
- CAntelope dog elk fox leopard moose puma tiger wolf
- DFox elk dog puma wolf moose tiger leopard antelope
- Eall of the above are equally difficult because they have the same words
53Which college team name is most memorable?
- AChanticleer
- BHokie
- CCrimson
- DHoya
- ETiger
54Below are three items from a 15-item word list containing similar items. Which list will be best recalled?
- AAll lists were be learned equally well.
- Bhappy, brave, nice, ... when using visual imagery to learn the list
- Cdog, rock, wrench, ... when using verbal rehearsal to learn the list
- Dhappy, brave, nice, ... when using verbal rehearsal to learn the list
- Edog, rock, wrench, ... when using visual imagery to learn the list
55What is true about learning high imagery words and nameable pictures?
- ANaming pictures results in better memory for them than mentally imaging them
- BNaming words results in better memory for them than mentally imaging their referents
- CPictures of objects and the words that name them are always remembered equally well
- DWords with imageable words are always remembered better than pictures
- EBoth pictures and words are always better remembered when named than as the result of making mental images of them
56In order to immediately encode large amounts of information, a mnemonist must:
- Ahave a large hippocampus
- Bhave a large striatum
- Can active amygdala
- Dhave a large frontal cortex
- Ebecome practiced at using a mnemonic to encode the study material
57Humans and rhesus monkeys sorted colored shapes into one of two artificial categories and were given feedback in order to learn them. When the category learning of humans versus rhesus monkeys was compared:
- AHumans were only superior to monkeys when the categories were verbally described by the experimenter
- BBoth species made use of verbal rules regardless of how the categories were defined.
- CHumans showed the most improvement for the most complex categories
- DAfter an initial period of gradual improvement with practice, there was a sharp increase in performance for humans indicating that the human had a inferred a verbal rule describing the category.
- EThere was no difference in performance because these were visual categories.
58An example of a basic level category is
- Asalmon
- Btuna
- Cseafood
- Ddolphin
- Efish
59When an instance shares many features with most other category members, the instance is perceived as
- Adistinctive
- Bmundane
- Catypical
- Dtypical
- Efamiliar
60A four-year old sees Mary hide a candy in the blue box and Sally move it to the red box when Mary is away. When asked, the child will answer that when she returns ___ will look for the candy in ___ box.
- AMary; the red
- BMary; the blue
- CSally; the blue
- DSally; either
- EMary; Sally’s box
61In the mobile recognition paradigm the infant is connected to the mobile during
- ABaseline
- BTest
- CBaseline and test
- DThe retention interval
- ENone of the above
62The retention interval over which an infant remembers a mobile or train she can move is influenced by
- AThe age of the infant
- BThe training environment
- CAttractiveness of the mobile or train
- DThe pointing skill of the infant
- EThe verbal ability of the infant
63As the result of the Von Restorff Effect, which name on the list Jami, Kerri, Loni, Meg, Randi, Tami, Toni, would be most memorable:
- ARandi, Tami and Toni, equally
- BToni
- CKerri
- DMeg
- EJami
64here have always been books with tips on how to remember things, written by individuals from a variety of backgrounds. One was co-written by Jerry Lucas, an all-star professional basketball player and notable mnemonist. One way to remember pairs of words is to create linking sentences for them. Who should you consult for the best linking sentences?
- Aany fellow student
- Ba psychology major
- Cthe wittiest person you know
- Dan English major
- Eno one
65Which list is easiest to learn?
- Ahammer, wrench, pliers, pencil, pen, paper, fork, spoon, knife
- Bsince all the lists contain the same words they would be equally easy to learn
- Chammer, pencil, fork, wrench, pen, spoon, pliers, paper, knife
- Dpen, fork, knife, paper, spoon, hammer, pencil, pliers, wrench
- Efork, hammer, knife, paper, pen, pencil, pliers, spoon, wrench
66Movie titles may be copyrighted, so that no one else can use the same title without permission. The movie "Lee Daniels' The Butler," was given this odd title to avoid infringing on the copyright of a 90 year old silent film called "The Butler." One characteristic that makes a title useful, hence valuable, is that it is easy to remember. Which movie title would be most memorable?
- A193MJW
- BJersey Drive
- CCar-Jacking in Newark
- DGlizzle
- EEvil Speed
67Both high imagery words and nameable pictures are easy to remember, especially if the most appropriate study strategy is used. What is true about learning high imagery words and nameable pictures?
- AImaging their referents results in better memory for words than naming them
- BPictures of objects and the words that name them are always remembered equally well
- CWords with imageable referents are always remembered better than pictures
- Dan imagery task results in better memory for pictures than naming them
- ENaming words results in better memory for them than mentally imaging their referents
68Sequence learning is difficult. When a sequence has more than nine items, thus exceeding the immediate memory span of most individuals, an error on the first repetition attempt is likely. Suppose that you read through your 16-digit credit card number once in preparation for typing it into a website. The digits in which positions are you must likely to get wrong?
- AFirst
- B4th through 12th
- CFourteenth or Fifteenth
- DSecond
- ESixteenth
69Psychologists were studying verbal learning for 60 years before they appreciated how important the characteristics of the words and the strategies of the students were in determining how much was remembered. Below are three items from a 15-item word list containing similar items. Which list will be best recalled?
- ACat, gem, saw, ... when using verbal rehearsal to learn the list
- BVague, well, odd, ... when using verbal rehearsal to learn the list
- CVague, well, odd, ... when using visual imagery to learn the list
- DAll lists were be learned equally well.
- ECat, gem, saw, ... when using visual imagery to learn the list
70Some mnemonists are only good at remembering a specific kind of study material while the skills of other mnemonists are more general. A mnemonist's ability is based on part upon
- Aan enlarged hippocampus
- Bhyper-emotionality
- Ca highly practiced mnemonic
- Dautistic obsession with repetition
- Ecompensation for a deficit in some other cognitive ability
71Early in the history of experimental psychology it was found that merely hearing something repeatedly was insufficient to learn it. Though a psychologist read the same passage to his young son every day, the son was not able to repeat it accurately. It is the habit system that makes possible the learning of a sequence, has of phone numbers, passwords, etc. The best way to learn a password is
- Ahave someone say it to you one character at a time and repeat each character as it is heard
- Bhave someone say it to you one character at a time and visualize each character as it is heard
- Ccount to seven after you hear it and then repeat it
- Drepeat the entire sequence in reverse order as soon as you hear it
- Erepeat the entire sequence as soon as you hear it
72When the presentation rate of text is increased past normal speaking rate and even normal reading rate, comprehension remains good. However, there is an effect an learning. In an immediate recall task, decreasing the speed of item presentation should least affect which portion of the recall function?
- ACentral Portion
- BCentral Portion and Recency
- CPrimacy and Recency
- DPrimacy
- ERecency
73Which spelling error is most likely to be detected?
- AWark
- BWerk
- CSoller
- DWurk
- EWirk
74Because language is processed in phrases, the perception of an ambiguous speech sound is influenced by:
- ASounds before it and after it
- BThe meanings of words before it
- CThe meaning of words after it
- DNone of the above
- EAll of the above
75A symptom of aphasia is an impairment in understanding:
- AEither spoken or written language, depending on the type
- BWritten words and sentences
- CSpoken words only
- DSentences while still understanding words
- EBoth spoken and written language
76The phonemic restoration effect occurs when the missing phoneme is:
- APart of a meaningless utterance
- BReplaced with silence
- CAll of the above
- DNone of the above
- EPart of a word
77Tulip is read fastest if preceded by:
- AApple
- BTree
- CFlower
- DPlant
- ECorn
78The fireworks exploded as the scarecrow burned, is difficult to understand because
- ALacks a causative verb
- BLacks a clear reference
- CIs telegraphic
- DHas unusual vocabulary
- ELacks contextual information
79The left hemisphere is specialized for vocalization in:
- ASome songbirds
- BMammals
- CAll songbirds
- DBirds
- EAnimals
80Which word is not pronounced through the letter-to-sound pathway:
- ASlave
- BSave
- CPave
- DAll words are pronounced through the letter-to-sound pathway
- EHave
81A symptom of aphasia is an impairment in understanding:
- ABoth spoken and written language
- BEither spoken or written language, depending on the type
- CSpoken language only
- DWritten words and sentences
- ESentences while still understanding words
82Because language is processed in phrases, the perception of an ambiguous speech sound is influenced by:
- ASounds before it and after it
- BThe meanings of words before it
- CThe meaning of words after it
- DAll of the above
- ENone of the above
83To determine whether the infant remembers that she could move the mobile, her foot is not connected to the mobile during:
- ABaseline, to provide a pre-training measure of performance
- BTraining, to determine the effect of training
- CTest, to provide a post-training measure of performance
- DOnly after the experiment is completed.
- EBoth baseline, to provide a pre-training measure of performance, and test, to provide a post-training measure
84One factor that influences retention of the memory of a mobile that an infant has learned to move is:
- AThe age of the infant
- BThe length of the training sessions
- CThe distributions of the training sessions
- DAll of the above
- ENone of the above
Información
- Descripción
- Test sobre Cognition: Exam 2 Quiz Questions, creado por Anthony Isaac el 05/11/2016.
- Autor
- Anthony Isaac
- Idioma
- English
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