Fichas
Strangles
Fichas del conjunto (22)
- 1Which pathogen causes strangles in horses and is it normally found in the respiratory tract?Streptococcus equi subspecies equi. It is not a normal inhabitant of the URT.
- 2What age horses normally get infected and how long does immunity last?Found primarily in horses aged 1-5 yrs old. Immunity not lifelong; only 75% of horses still immune after 3-4 years.
- 3How is strangles transmitted? How long can a host be an asymptomatic carrier for?Transmitted by direct contact with nasal secretions or LN discharge from infected horses. Asymptomatic carriers have the bacteria in their guttural pouch and can be carriers even after 56 months.
- 4How long is the incubation period?3-14 days.
- 5What are the 3 types of clinical presentations for strangles?1. Classic acute disease
2. Atypical strangles
3. Complications - 6What are clinical signs of the "classic acute disease"?Fever, depression, inappetance, lymphadenopathy. Will also see abscessation/enlargement of mandibular, parotid, or retropharyngeal lymph nodes that rupture in 7-10 days. May also see mucoid to purulent nasal discharge & cough.
- 7What are clinical signs of the "atypical strangles"?Usually resembles viral infection: Mild inflammation of URT, slight nasal discharge, cough, fever, self limiting lymphadenopathy. Symptoms depend on bacterial strain and immunity of the horse.
- 8What is the importance of atypical strangles?The disease is dangerous because it causes strangles but looks like other respiratory infections and control & prevention is usually not implemented. Will usually cause an outbreak until classical cases start to appear.
- 9What are clinical signs of "complicated" strangles?Internal abscessation, intermittent colic, PUO, anorexia, depression, weight loss, and other signs depending on location of abscess (ex. GIT, nervous system), purpura hemorrhagica, guttural pouch empyema & chondroids
- 10How do you diagnose strangles?- With clinical signs
- bloodwork shows leukocytosis & hyperfibringenaemia
- Isolation (culture) or detection (PCR) of bacteria from nasal swab, GP lavage or LN pus
- culture 3x NP swab
- guttural pouch lavage most sensitive - 11How do you treat strangles (no complications)?Treat horses exposed to strangles with penicillin BUT they will not develop immunity.
Treat horses with LN abscesses by draining & cleaning abscess along with antibiotics. - 12How do you treat strangles with complications?Horses with abdominal abscesses will require long term antibiotics for up to 6 wks.
Horses with GP empyema or chondroids will need it drained and chondroids will need to be surgically removed.
Horses with purpura hemorrhagica will need penicillin, dexamethasome, prednisolone, fluids, and palliative measures (poor prognosis). - 13What tests do you have to perform to confirm horse is no longer infected?3x negative cultures/PCR of nasopharyngeal swabs taken 7 days apart OR 1 negative GP washing.
- 14When would you move a horse from the "amber" or "green" group to the "red" group?If horse develops pyrexia or test positive for strep equi specific antigen (can also b e possible carrier).
- 15How do you treat the carriers?Endoscopic GP lavage and then mix penicillin with gelatin and squirt directly into the guttural pouch. Repeat GP lavage & PCR after 2 weeks to see if treatment worked.
- 16Where is Rhodococcus equi found and what age of horses does it affect?Found in the environment, survives in GIT of mares and multiples in GIT of foals. Also survives in earthworms (reservoir). It primarily affects foals & weaning aged 1-6 months.
- 17How does R. equi cause pneumonia?Bacteria is inhaled and scavenged by alveolar macrophages but not killed. Destruction of these macrophages lead to a pyogranulomatous response. Brochopneumonia develops with widespread abscess formation.
- 18What are clinical signs of R. equi pneumonia?Anorexia, depression, fever, dyspnea, tachypnea, cough. These are all LRT signs because the abscesses are found in the LRT. Symptoms can vary from insidious to extremely acute onset.
- 19How do you diagnose R. equi?Bloodwork: neutrophilia, high fibrinogen and acute phase proteins. Can also perform tracheal wash and do culture, gram-stain cytology, or PCR VapA gene. Can also perform xrays to check for abscesses or perform post mortem.
- 20What is the treatment for R. equi?If abscess diameter <8cm and mild clinical signs -> no treatment.
If abscess diameter > 10cm or if there are moderate to severe signs, treat with Clarithromycin or azthromycin with rifampin.
Treatment until radiographic lesions or CBC/fibrinogen are normal (4-12 weeks). - 21What is Parascaris Equorum and how is it treated?GIT worm with larvae that migrate to liver & lungs. Can sometimes cause transient respiratory signs (ex. nasal discharge, cough). Can usually be controlled by anthelmintic.
- 22How is Equine Viral Arteritis spread and what are the clinical signs?Transmitted by venereal infections of mares by stallions during mating or contact with aborted fetuses, or direct contact with droplets from respiratory tract.
SIGNS: Abortion & still birth, fever, anorexia, edema (limb, prepuce, scrotum, ventral, periorbital), lacrimation conjunctivitis (very characteristic!), nasal discharge, coughing.
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- BVM3: Respiratory Fichas sobre Strangles, creado por Thora Siu el 14/02/2019.
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- Thora Siu
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