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Marine Vertebrates
Fichas del conjunto (111)
- 1General characteristics of fishlive in water
gills throughout life
fins, scales
internal/external egg production
ectotherms - 2General characteristics of amphibiansyoung mature in water
adults live in/near fresh water
mostly gill breathers when young
naked skin
lay eggs in water
carnivorous adults
ectotherms - 3General characteristics of reptilesland or sea water
lung breathers
scales/plates
lay eggs
mostly carnivores
ectotherms - 4General characteristics of birdsland
most fly
lung breathers
feathers,wings,beaks
excellent colour vision and hearing
lay eggs
carnivores or herbivores
endothermic - 5General characteristics of mammalsland and sea
lung breathers
mammary glands
seven neck vertebrae
enlarged brain
live birth
carnivore, herbivore, omnivore
endothermic - 6what is microevolutiongeneration by generation evolution of populations and groups over lifetime of species
natural selection and adaptation driving forces - 7what is macroevolutionspeciation - birth of a species
extinction - death of a species
both engage processes outside natural selection and adaptation - 8what is the relationship of chordates to other animals revealed by?anatomical characters
biochemical characters
embryological characters
genetic characters
fossil record - 9what are evolutionary systematics and cladistic systematicsE = based on similarity patterns of key characteristics
C = emphasises common descent based on shared derived characteristics (recent not ancient adaptations) - 10characteristics of protostomesspiral cleavage
blastopore becomes mouth
nerve cords of CNS ventral
mesoderm derived from mesentoblast
subepidermal musculature derived from 4d mesoderm
schizocoelous coelom formation
embryogeny - 11characteristics of deuterostomesradial cleavage
blastopore often becomes anus
nerve cords of CNS not ventral
mesoderm from wall of archenteron
sheets of subepidermal muscles derived from archenteric mesoderm
entercoelous ceolom formation
embryogeneis - 12what is holoblastic cleavageplanes pass completely through cytoplasm - isolecithal/weakly telolecithal eggs
- 13what is meroblastic cleavageplane does not pass completely through cytoplasm - highly telolecithal (high yolk)
- 14what is radial cleavagestrict longitudinal & transverse cleavage
equal sized blastomeres arranged in rows with reference to animal and vegetal axis - 15what is spiral cleavagesubsequent divisions result in different sized blastomeres
displacement of blastomeres so they lie in furrow between eachother
alternate moves 'left-right' to produce spiral - 16characteristics of phylum chordatapharyngeal gill slits
dorsal notochord
dorsal, hollow nerve cord
muscular locomotor, postanal tail
circulatory system with ventral contractile blood vessel & gas exchange - 17what is Hox gene complexregulates expression of hierachy of genes, control process of long-axis body development
front to back evolution of more complex animal - verts have duplication of entire Hox complex - 18characteristics of subphylum vertebratadistinctive endoskeleton and vertebrael column
greater development of central nervous tissue at front end
limb girdles - paired appendages
neural crest & cells
closed blood vessel system
paired/fused spinal nerves
autonomic nerve system - 19methods of fish taxonomymeristic = characters correspond to body segments (no. fin rays & scales)
morphometric = measurable structures (fin length)
allometry = lengths of body parts grow at different rates - different ratio at different age/size - 20characteristics of soft anatomy of anatomical fish taxonomyposition of viscera
division of muscles
branches of blood vessels
sexually dimorphic structures
posession and type of swim bladder - 21two classes of agnathamyxini (hagfish)
cephalaspidomorphi (lamprey) - 22characteristics of myxininakes skin containing slime glands
no paired appendages
fibrous & cartilaginous skeleton
heart and accessory hearts
digestive system (no stomach)
biting mouth (rasping tounge) - 23characteristics of cephalaspidomorphislender body
median fins (no paired appendages)
fibrous & cartilaginous skeleton
pores in pharangeal cleft
heart
sucker lke oral disc and tounge
osmoregulation (kidney)
digestive system
small cerebellum - 24morphology of chondrichthyeslarge fusiform body, heterocercal caudal fin (top lobe > bottom lobe)
ventral mouth
placoid scales - 25anatomy of chondrichthyesintestine with spiral valve
brain of two olfactory lobes
5-7 paired gills
4 chambered heart
no swim bladder or lung
inner ears detect prey well - 26olfactory system of chondrichthyesolfactory organs - water into nasal sacs
behind nostril are bars - behind is olfactory epithelium
water slowed over OE
sensitivity up to 1 part in 10 billion for proteins/AA - 27what is intertial/pressure dragpressure differences from displacement of water as fish moves through it (swimming motion)
- 28what is viscous/frictional dragfriction between fish body and surrounding water (fish scales)
- 29where is heart positioned in all fish?posterior and ventral to gills
(more 'anterior' in teleosts than sharks) - 30fish heart: form and function4 chambers in series
venus blood into thin walled sinus venosus
single chamber atrium
single thick walled ventricle
out of heart via conus/bulbus arteriosus, initially to gills - 31what are the conus and bulbus arteriosus?conus = cardiac muscle in chondrichthyes and lungfish that produces pulsed blood flow
bulbus = non-muscular, elastic reservoir in ray-finned fish that produces continuous flow from heart - 32what is function of operculum?protects gills
streamlines body reducing drag
aids in smoothing water flow across gills - 33describe the expansion/suction pump phase of respiration--mouth closed - enlargement of buccal cavity. -ve pressure causes operculum cavity to shut, isolating gills
--mouth opens, -ve pressure draws in water to buccal & pharyngeal cavity
--mouth closes - contraction of cranial muscles & skull bones creates +ve pressure - water forced towards gills
--operculum valve opens under +ve pressure - water across gills, out of chamber - 34what is Bohr shiftcarrying capacity of respiratory pigment decreases with reduced pH per unit O2
- 35what is Root shiftsaturation level of respiratory pigment is decreases with reduced in pH per unit O2
- 36respiratory anatomy of hagfish--muscular vellum draws water through single median nostril and over gill sacs, out through singular gill opening
-- feeding = water in/out via opening by last gill sac - 37respiratory anatomy of lamprey-- muscular contraction expands/contracts fill area
-- water in via multiple gill openings, each gill sac has unique water flow - 38modified gill structures to assist aerial respiration-- arborescent organ (tree-like branches)
-- plate-like extensions to gill to allow for more rigid structure (would collapse and stick together) - 39modified extra-branchial structures in aerial respiration-- vascularised surfaces (skin,mouth,opercular cavity)
-- modifications to gut - vascularised areas
-- modified, vascularised & compartmentalised swim bladders (buoyancy and respiratory function)
-- vascularised lungs as dorsal pouches from gut - 40osmoregulation in freshwater species-- water in/ions out by diffusion across gills/pharynx/skin/diet via urine
-- excrete dilute (hypo-osmotic) urine
-- ions & water in with diet
-- reabsorb ions in nephron, particularly monovalent
-- AT monovalent into body via chloride cell - 41are freshwater fish hyper or hypo osmotic to their environment? what is the problem with this?hyper-osmotic
gain water & lose ions - 42osmoregulation in marine species-- ions & water out across permeable membranes in diet and urine
-- low volume hypo-osmotic urine
-- drink seawater (gain ions)
-- selectively remove divalent ions in urine filtrate
-- reabsorb water from gut
-- AT monovalent out of body by chloride cells - 43are marine fish hyper or hypo osmotic to their environment? what are the problems of this?hypo-osmotic
gain ions and lose water - 44What visual pigment is produced by vitamin A1Rhodoposin
- 45What visual pigment is produced by vitamin A2Porphyropsin
- 46What pigment dominates in -- seawater -- freshwater -- migratory species-- rhodoposin
-- porphyropsin
-- adjust ratio of pigments to maximise light absorbance - 47explain the lateral line-- detection of pressure waves & changes in water flow
-- neuromast made of sensory cells
-- movement detected by bending of cupola containing bundled kinocillia of basal sensory cells
-- stimulate afferent nerve endings - 48explain electrical fish-- modified muscle blocks used to generate electric field evolved into stunning devices
-- predation and defence
-- electric eel produce up to 400V - 49examples of sound production in fish-- tooth grinding
-- drumming - stringulation of roof of swim bladders by striated muscles
-- high-pitched squeeling by gas escape in swim bladder
-- most significant in aphotic zones - 50Diversity of predation methods which is shown by adaptations in ...body shape (camouflage)
physiology (endothermy, eye twitch in sailfish)
colouration (camouflage and lures)
jaws,teeth,guts (goblin shark protruding jaw, gut proportions depend on diet) - 51what is the change from herbivorous to carnivorous predation during development called?ontogenetic dietary change
- 52what are defence mechanisms classed as?-- primary (avoiding detection, inquilism - live in non-related organism)
-- secondary (reducing chances of being eaten e.g. shoaling, toxins) - 53what is size important for?predation
food fluctuations
increased fecundity
competition for mates - 54when are smaller larvae more likely to survivesituations where prey abundance is high in large scale patchy spatial distributions
- 55when are larger larvae more likely to surviveareas of low prey abundance/patchiness
- 56define iteroparoussingle/multiple batch spawning each year over number of years
survive after spawning and repeat - 57define semelparousspawn once and die, no fallback
gap where reproductive effort failed - 58define a) protogynous b) protoandrousa) female adults change to male - male removed & dominant female changes gender
b) male adults change to female - disappearance of female - 59what is gross growth efficiency (GGE)measures proportion of prey carbon converted to predator carbon
- 60what is transfer efficiency (TE)proportion of prey production taken by predator <100% and GGE
- 61what does fishing act as?-- additional predation pressure
-- remover of prey & predators on juvenile or adult
-- habitat/benthic food modifier - 62what are the environmental impacts of fishinghabitat damage
dead discards
ghost fishing
reduction in prey species - 63how can regulation help recovery of fisheries?-- gear limitations (mesh size, escape gaps, square panels)
-- effort limitations (days at sea, engine size)
-- catch limits (quotas) - 64what feature is helpful in identifying reptiles?number of holes in the skull
-- turtles the most primitive - limited holes
-- crocodile used for muscle attachment - 65features of the amniotic egg-- development of three membranes - chorion, amnion, allontois
-- allontoic cavity is outgrowth of hindgut - respiratory organ and storage for nitrogenous wastes
-- shell permeable to gases - respiration - 66what is ammonotelism?loss of nitrogen compounds (ammonia) through leaky skin and gills
- 67what is ureotelism?conversion of ammonia to urea
(requires additional energy) - 68what is uricotelism?conversion of ammonia to uric acid
excretion requires loss of less water
(organisms in desert environment) - 69general morphology/anatomy of crocodiles and aligatorstetrapodal
trunk dorso-ventrally flattened
tail laterally compressed
1-7m
sexually dimorphic - 70features of crocodile/alligator skullstrong with pneumatised bone
protects brain
secondary palate
influenced by diet/ecology
hole in jaw anchor point for closure musculature
teeth for gripping/holding - continually replaced - 71features of crocodile/alligator skeleton--non-permeable skin
--long, strong spine with flexibility in tail, neck & trunk
--osteoderms - non permeable, vascularised, heat exchange
--derived form of pelvis & ankle - fast running - 72examples of locomotion in crocodiles/alligatorsbelly crawl
high walk
swimming (tail = >10kph)
jumping
galloping (unique to crocs)
climbing - 73what is gular/palatal valve? (crocodiles/alligators)controlled by tongue musculature
prevents water flow to lungs
allows mouth to open underwater
capture/drowning of prey - 74what is aestivation/brumation (crocodiles/alligators)virtually shut down - low metabolism
temporal torpor
due to heat/cold
burrows provide stable environmental conditions
ensures continued survival - 75TSD in crocodiles/alligatorsfemales = 27-29 degrees
males = 29-31 degrees
above = mixture - 76why do sea snakes have light sensitivity in the tail end?keep tail tucked in when hiding
- 77role of temperature in embryonic development of turtles- IP decreases as temperature increases (non-linear)
- temperature decreases with depth in sand - more stable
- incubation length drops throughout summer as temperature increases - 78what is a satellite relay data logger (SRDL)?dive computer with transmitter, stores information & compresses data file
satellite overhead - data beamed
data to fisheries to avoid impact on turtles - 79what use are SRDL data?migratory pathways - fisheries
depth utilisation
migratory energetics & foraging strategies
physiology & thermoregulation
identification of key foraging areas - 80principle threats to turtle nesting beachpoaching (adults & eggs)
artificial lighting
loss of nesting habitat
enchroachment - 81features of archaeopteryx12 known specimens
London & Berlin skeletons are neotype
140 million years old
teeth
bony tail
found in lithographic limestone
long feathers on legs and feet - 82What are Huxleys 5 conditions of being a birdfluffy body covering
flight (bipinate feathers)
brood their nests
take care of young
hollow bones (air sac system) - 83features of birdsbreastbone (muscle attachment)
wishbone (upstroke)
three-toed foot (dinosaurs)
airspaces in skull (lighter)
hollow bones (lighter & respiratory systems) - 84when did modern birds first emerge?late cretaceous
- 85what are the two major groups that make up modern bird radiationplaeognaths
neognaths - 86what are the 4 major clusters of neognathsgamebirds & waterfowl
metavians
waterbirds & seabirds
higher landbirds - 87what is the interorbital septum (birds)vertical plate of bone that forms bony wall between eyes
- 88what are the differences between the 2 palatal types - neognaths and palaeognaths?Neognaths = hing-like joint between pterygoid and palatine
lightweight, flexible palate
Palaeognaths = firm junction between pterygoid and palatine
reinforced, stiff palate - 89what are key features of modern bird skeletonpneumatic bones
big brained
big eyed
toothless skull with fusion of different bones
boat-shaped sternum
four toes - digit I reversed
shortened tail skeleton with pygostyle - 90features of bird beakhollow bones of upper and lower jaw
casing of constantly growing keratin
lightweight, durable
changes shape according to wear
flexible and sensitive - 91what are maxillary overhangs (birds)overhanging sections of beak on upper jaw crucial to parasite control
- 92what are herbst corpuscles (birds)organs in sensory pits in wader bill tips
- 93what are totipalmate feet? (birds)webbing between all toes
pelicans, gannets, boobies
used in paddling, diving, sexual display, airbrakes - 94how are grebe feet different to other birds feet?lobed not webbed,
generate lift by acting as multi-slotted hydrofoils - 95what is the zygodactyl foot (birds)digit IV rotated to posterior surface of foot to oppose digits II and III
two toes forwards, two toes backwards - 96what is the pamprodactyl foot in swiftsresting/flying - all digits point anteriorly
climbing/clinging - digits I and II oppose III and IV to form pincer arrangement - 97adaptations of marine iguanaslong claws
laterally compressed tail
salt gland - nostril
eat red/green algae
tricuspid teeth
dark skin - 98characteristics of dugongstail with flukes
solid upper lip
smooth & scarred skin
short & rigid body hairs
easily visible ear opening
pointed ends to forelimbs without nails
long, tusk like incisor teeth - 99characteristics of manateesrounder tail
divided upper lip
pleated, rough skin - often attach algae/barnacles
long and flexible body hairs
rounded ends to forelimbs with nails
no incisor teeth - 100what is the function of horizontal diaphragm in sireniansextends length of body cavity
control buoyancy and avoid pitch and roll - 101aquatic adaptations of otterssmall SA:Volume ratio
no insulating blubber - dense, fine fur
streamlined body - sensory high on sides of head
webbed paws - propulsion - 102skeletal adaptations of polar bear to cold marine environmentlong neck- drag prey, musculature is much bigger
carnivorous dentition
large & taller
strong sexual dimorphism - 103describe bubble netting in humpback whalesnet of bubbles around shoal
prey congregate in centre
lunge feed in centre
other humpbacks insonify
sound reverberates around curtain
fish into centre - 104what is brachycardiafacial contact with cold water
- human heart rate slows 10-25%
- seals change from 125bpm to ~10bpm (extended dive)
lessens need to bloodstream oxygen - more used by other organs - 105what is peripheral vasocontrictionhigh pressure due to deep diving - capillaries in extremities close off
stops blood circulation to these areas - 106what happens during very deep dives by cetaceansorgan & circulatory walls allow plasma/water to pass freely through thoracic cavity
pressure stays contant - organs arent crushed
alveoli fill with plasma - reabsorbed when out of pressurised environment - 107how could you approximately measure the population of a species?population increases by mutation at approx. average constant level
'this much variability - approx this number of individuals' - 108list disturbances to whalestourism
fishing
researchers
pollutants and disease
ocean noise
ship strikes - 109what is an ascoban?protection of small cetaceans in north-western European oceans
- 110what is an accobam?protection of cetaceans in southern European waters
- 111—
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- Science Fichas sobre Marine Vertebrates , creado por Jaz Harker el 21/01/2017.
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- Jaz Harker
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