108661
Description
Flashcards by Emma Madden, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by Emma Madden
almost 11 years ago
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| Question | Answer |
| Implementation | A new word which is introduced, e.g. 'chav' |
| Diffusion | an increasing amount of people beginning to use the implementation |
| Codification | if words become widespread enough, it is codified (added to dictionaries) |
| Hapax | A word that only occurs once |
| Lingua Franca | The medium of communication between two speakers of different languages |
| Further Old English Grammar; suffixes, grammatical, syntax | -Used systems where suffixes marked different functions -Grammatical and closed-class lexis; this has been unaltered up to the present day -Syntax: Subject, verb, object |
| Roman and Arabic Influences on Old English | -As Romans withdrew, English tried to establish themselves -Arabic lexis percolated through from Spanish -Arabic was spoken in Muslim domination in the Middle Ages -Arabic brought over lexis such as 'alcohol' and 'syrup' |
| Middle English & William The Conquerer | -Eleventh Century -William The Conquerer and his supporters invaded in England at The Battle Of Hastings in 1066 -They had settled in Normandy long enough to develop French dialects -They kept this dialect for the language of the aristocracy -Ruling classes spoke the prestigious French, whilst the conquered people spoke English -Why today, Cow is an English word (conquered English were farmers) and beef is French |
| Grammar of Middle English; withered, borrowings | -Grammatical complexities withered within English, and the language was only used to just communicate -Borrowings came from Latinate sources for court, religion and education |
| Middle English and Standardisation | Standardisation began in this era, with no further meddling from military invasions English was then characterised by the continued expansion of language and movement towards standardisation |
| Synchronic Approach | Language occurring at one certain time |
| Diachronic Approach | How language develops over time |
| Early Modern English - Context (1); rise, 15th-18th century; 1476 - direction | -Rise of the grammarians -15-18th century - Literacy rates were poor -1476: Caxton's Printing Press; helped establish direction of language and to standardise it |
| Early Modern English & Standardisation; capitalise | Proposal to capitalise all nouns within a sentence (a feature of modern German) -This now only remains within the proper noun system in Modern English |
| John Hart - The Opening Of The Unreasonable Writing Of Our Inglish Tongue | -Set out the range of punctuation to writers |
| Early Modern English and Latin | -Latin was unable to accomodate English syntax, however, grammarians still took Latin as their template for English |
| Early Modern English - The Problem Of The Printing Press | The printing process created idiosyncrasies as they were often manned by the uneducated |
| Set Phrases/Periphrasis | These were most commonly superlative forms, such as 'most lovely' instead of 'loveliest' |
| Suspended Sentences | Were typical (shit flashcard) |
| Early Modern English & Idioms | Most idioms were transferred from the King James Bible, such as 'the salt of the Earth' |
| Bishop Robert Lowth - An Introduction To English Language, 1772 | Set out the rules that; -Sentences that end in prepositions are colloquialisms -Sentences beginning with conjunctions are also colloquialisms -Condemned double negatives -Condemned split infinitives such as, 'to boldly go' -Prescriptivist in approach |
| Early Modern English - Ligature | Letters orthographically joined together |
| Early Modern English - Shakespeare & His Lexical Expansion | -Shakespeare introduced many new words and idiomatic phrases to the English Language -His language is a good example of affixation, conversion and Latinate borrowings |
| Early Modern English - Dictionaries; Cawden's letters, error | -The first printed dictionary was Cawden's in 1604 -Cawden's letters are a substitution of /v/ and /w/; -These are interchanged -This was formed by an orthographic error |
| Early Modern English - The Great Vowel Shift | -A massive sound change that affected long vowels from the fifteenth to eighteenth century -Vowels moved 'upwards'- vowels pronounced with a higher part of the mouth -Loss of Italian influence -Had long-term implications on orthography |
| Early Modern English & Travel; thinking, prefixes | -Global travel and trade brought foreign thinking and new words -New words were created from English words with prefixes and suffixes - (lexical gap theory) |
| Tudors & Nationalism | The rise of nationalism linked to the desire for a more expressive language |
| Early Modern English and The Inkhorn Controversy | -Imports came from Greek and Latin -Borrowings from Latinate sources was believed to corrupt the English language -Lexis was expanded by New World travels |
| Early Modern English & Style; style, lit, diction, abstract | -Experimentation in style -Flowering of Literature -Elevated diction -General expansion of English with mainly abstract terms |
| Prepositional Phrases | A verb + adverbial preposition, e.g. 'take up' These were disapproved of by grammarians, but made popular again in Britain by the influence of American in the 20th century |
| Late Modern English - Context (1); religion, GVS, time | -Around 1700 -Influences from Puritanism, Catholicism, Calvinism etc -The main changes that had made up the Great Vowel Shift were all complete -People now had the time to educate themselves and their children |
| Late Modern English and the Auxiliary 'Do' | No longer used as a periphrasm as was done in Early Modern English, but used as we come to use it today |
| Late Modern English & Pronouns | 'Thee' and 'thou' disappeared from ordinary usage |
| Late Modern English and Standardisation; dictionary, paradigms, 1772 | -Standardisation of grammar in Samuel Johnson's Dictionary, 1755 -Classical languages and models were seen as paradigms -1772- Bishop Robert Lowth's Introduction to English Grammar |
| Style in Late Modern English; simple | -Puritan-inspired ideas of clarity and simplicity -Prose reasonableness -A less verbose style was popular |
| Interests in Late Modern English; variety, reason | -The Enlightenment/Age of Reason -Ideas of order and priority -Interest in regional and social varieties of English |
| 1870 - A rise in literacy levels | The School Act |
| Late Modern English, 19th Century - Travel & Empire; loanwords, lexical growth | -Travellers brought 'loanwords' to England -British Empire caused a huge lexical growth |
| Late Modern English - 19th Century Interests; past | -Interest in past -Use of archaic lexis -Neoclassicism |
| 20th Century - An Uninflected System | -Nouns, pronouns and verbs are inflected -An almost uninflected system, as many word classes are invariable |
| Recuperative | A word that has come back into the mainstream |
| Telescoped Form | Taking all of some word and all or some of another and putting them together, e.g. 'infomercial' |
| Loss of Inflections | Leads to a more flexible word system, e.g. to run a 'race' (noun) and to 'race' (verb) to the shop; Grammatical conversion |
| 20th Century & Interests; global languages | -Interest to create global languages; -However, more people speak Klingon than Esperanto! |
| Mutated Plurals | -Nouns have mutated plurals, e.g. 'man' and 'men' |
| Phonological Changes | These have occurred because humans are capable of producing more speech sounds than they actually do |
| Random Fluctuation - Charles Hockett, 1958 | Language changes due to instability Language change due to error and interpretation, e.g. 'pwned' |
| Functional Theory | Language changes due to needs of its users |
| Substratum Theory | How different languages come into contact with one another, such as the News migration into New York, 'coiffee' |
| Howard Giles- Accommodation Theory | 'When people interact they adjust their speech, vocal patterns and gesture to accomodate to others' |
| Howard Giles- Convergence | The strategies people adapt to each other's communicative behaviours in order to reduce differences |
| Howard Giles - Divergence | The instances in which people accentuate speech and non-verbal speech between themselves and their interlocutors |
| Coinage | The invention of new words |
| Neologisms | The new word itself and its process of entering into the language |
| Borrowings | Taking lexis from another language |
| Portmanteau | Blending words together |
| Eponyms | Words derived from people's names |
| Anglo-Saxon/Old English Grammar: Kennings | Compound words replacing familiar nouns, e.g. 'wound-maker'=sword |
| Anglo-Saxon/Old English Grammar: Declensions - nouns and adjectives | Endings only for nouns and adjectives |
| Anglo-Saxon/Old English Grammar: Preterite - 'swam' | past perfective aspect, e.g. 'dived', 'swam' |
| Four Cases of Anglo-Saxon/Old English: Accusative - direct object | The direct object of the verb |
| Four Cases of Anglo-Saxon/Old English: Nominative - 'I danced' | The subject of a finite verb, e.g. 'sang' |
| The Four Cases of Anglo-Saxon/Old English: Dative 'to call Jodie', 'help' | The indirect object; object of preposition |
| The Four Cases of Anglo-Saxon/Old English: Genitive - 'mine' | Possession/modification |
| Old English Invasions | -Germanic third century invasions -Anglo-Saxons invasion and settlement in fifth century |
| Anglo-Saxons and Old English Languages | -Anglo-Saxons brought their own language known as 'Englisc' -In the 800s, the Scandinavian Vikings brought 'Old Norse'; -People disagreed over what language to use |
| Word Jail | We are controlled by language |
| Rebuttal of Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis and Creation | Nothing new would ever be created if we could only think with language |
| Rachel Adelson - Language & Colour Perception, 2005 | -Research into Nambia and Himba speakers -They use one word, 'serandu' to describe red, orange and pink; -'Zoizu' to describe dark colours -Nambia and Himba speakers can distinguish between similar shades of green, but not different colours |
| Wittgenstein | 'The limits of my language means the limits of my world' |
| Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis Weak Form | Language does not determine our thoughts but does have an influence |
| Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis Strong Form | Thought is only possible through language |
| Language & Reality | Language encodes our reality |
| Perforation | Words that are pejoratised over time |
| Order of Precedence | The most powerful things syntactically precede the inferior ones |
| Semantic Derogation | A negative connotation in a word |
| Disjunctive Pronoun | French, stressed pronoun, e.g. 'it's MINE!' |
| S-Curve Model - Chen | At first change in language is minimal, then accelerates, then slows |
| Wave Model - Bailey | The more language change moves away from the centre, the weaker it gets |
| Cultural Transmission - Charles Hockett, 1958 | The ever-changing context of language and random occurences Random occurences/contextual factors, e.g. 'credit crunch' |
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