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BIO TEST #2

Courtney Sampson English 120 cards

BIO TEST #2

Cards in this deck (120)

  1. 1what are the 2 main components of bacterial replication1) DNA replication
    2) Binary Fission
  2. 2describe DNA replication in bacteriaDNA is copied before cell division
  3. 3what is a plasmidextra piece of DNA in bacteria
  4. 4describe binary fissionsplitting the cytoplasm into 2, to create 2 new identical cells
  5. 5explain the steps in bacterial DNA replication1) DNA replication begins at the point of origin
    2) enzymes separate the strands of DNA (break hydrogen bonds)
    3) DNA POLYMERASE proceeds - two new strands of DNA are formed
    4) binary fission
  6. 6how do bacteria acquire genetic variation if they replicate asexuallyDNA Transfer
  7. 7what are the 3 types of DNA transfer1) conjugation
    2) transduction
    3) transformation
  8. 8describe the process of transductionwhen bacteria acquire DNA from VIRUSES
  9. 9describe the process of conjugationwhen bacteria acquire DNA directly from another bacteria
  10. 10describe the process of transformationwhen bacteria acquire their DNA from their surroundings
  11. 11what is the cell cycle?the cycle includes a growth phase, DNA replication, and cell division
  12. 12what phase do cells spend the most time in?interphase (98% of the time)
  13. 13explain generally what is occuring in G1, S, G2 and mitosisG1 - cell growth phase (preparing for S)
    S - DNA replication
    G2 - cell growth phase (preparing for mitosis - G2 CHECKPOINT for mutations **)
    M - separation of chromosomes and splitting of cytoplasm - creates 2 new identical cells
  14. 14what is cytokinesis?the process of splitting the cytoplasm - resulting in 2 identical cells
  15. 15what is the main purpose of mitosisto produce more cells in the body (cell replication)
  16. 16how many chromosomes do humans have in each cell nucleus, how many do we receive from each parent?46 chromosomes in the cell nucleus - we acquire 23 from each parent.
  17. 17what is the difference between homologous chromosomes and sister chromatids?h. chrom. = each set of the 23 chromosomes (one from mom, one from dad)
    sister chrom. = identical copy (mom x2 or dad x2)
  18. 18what is a karyotypethe organization of all of a cell's chromosomes
  19. 19what are the main events that occur in EACH of the stages of mitosisprophase - nuclear membrane and the nucleus begin to break down, the chromosomes begin to migrate to opposite poles of the cell, spindle fibers start to form
    metaphase - chromosomes move to the center of the cell, lining up
    anaphase - chromosomes are pulled to opposite poles by the spindle fibres
    telophase - chromosomes reach opposite ends of the cell, a new nuclear membrane is made
    cytokinesis - the cytoplasm divides equally
  20. 20what is the role of the spindle fibresthey transport the chromosomes during division
  21. 21how many chromosomes are in each new daughter cell46
  22. 22Somatic Cells - division/purpose/diploid or haploid/number of chromosomesmitosis / to produce 2 new identical cells / diploid / 46
  23. 23Germ Cells - division/purpose/diploid or haploid/number of chromosomesmeiosis / producing gametes / diploid / 46
  24. 24Gametes - division/purpose/diploid or haploid/number of chromosomesno division / fertilization / haploid / 23
  25. 25what is apoptosis"programmed cell death" because of a mutation
  26. 26what is angiogenisis? and how does it relate to cancerthe development of new blood cells - cancer cells use this to create new blood cells to feed off of for nutrients
  27. 27describe the 3 check points and how they are involved in cell - cycle regulationG1, G2, M checkpoints
    G1 - the cell determines whether DNA replication will happen (yes if no mutations)
    G2 - cell determines if there are any mutations that occured during replication
    M- final checkpoint - ensures the cell cycle should be completed
  28. 28what is a carcinogenanything that causes cancer
  29. 29what can cause cancerradiation, asbestos, tobacco smokes, HIV HPV and hepatitis etc.
  30. 30diff. between proto-oncogene oncogene tumor supressor- geneproto-oncogenes - code for a protein to speed up the cell cycle (healing or pregnancy)
    oncogene - a mutated proto-oncogene
    tumor supressor genes - code for a protein that stop the cell cycle if a DNA damage is detected
  31. 31what kinds of DNA mutations could be involved in cancer1) mutated genes that regulate the cell cycle
    2) mutated DNA repair enzymes
    3) genes that increase angiogenesis
    4) genes that prevent apoptosis
    5) genes that regulate the immune response
  32. 32Mitosis is in ______ cells Meiosis is in _____ cellssomatic
    germ cells
  33. 33what are alleleshomologous chromosomes that have the same genes but have different variations of those genes
  34. 34what are sister chromatidsthey are the product of DNA replication and are identical copies of each other
  35. 35what is the centromerewhere sister chromatids are joined together
  36. 36which is the process of directly acquiring DNA from a pili?conjugation
  37. 37which is the process of acquiring DNA from a virus?transduction
  38. 38what is the process in which chromosomes begin to wind up tightly called?condensation
  39. 39what phase of mitosis is this (spaghetti lookin)INTERPHASEwhat phase of mitosis is this (spaghetti lookin)
  40. 40what phase of mitosis is this (actual chromosomes now floatin around)PROPHASEwhat phase of mitosis is this (actual chromosomes now floatin around)
  41. 41what stage of mitosis is this (lining up in the thing in the Middle)METAPHASEwhat stage of mitosis is this (lining up in the thing in the Middle)
  42. 42what stage of mitosis is this (being pulled to opposite ends)ANAPHASEwhat stage of mitosis is this (being pulled to opposite ends)
  43. 43what phase of mitosis is this (cell starting to divide)TELOPHASEwhat phase of mitosis is this (cell starting to divide)
  44. 44when is DNA replicated in meiosisONLY before Meiosis 1
  45. 45what does meiosis 1 do? a. separate homologous pairs // b. separates sister chromatidsA
  46. 46what does meiosis 2 do? a. separates homologous pairs // b. separates sister chromatidsB
  47. 47when does crossing over happen in meiosisprophase 1
  48. 48at the end of meiosis what is the result? (egg/sperm)1 egg
    4 sperm
  49. 49when do males start to undergo meiosis?puberty
  50. 50what bond holds together a base pair in DNA what bond holds together the sugar-phosphate backbonehydrogen bond
    phosphodiester bonds
  51. 51what are the 5 nucleotides that make up nucleic acid macromoleculesAdenine, Guanine, Cytosine, Thymine, Uracil (only RNA - replaces Thymine - bonds with Adenine)
  52. 52which nucleotides are purines, which are pyrimidines?purines - A + G
    pyrimidines - C + T + U
  53. 53which is double ringed / single ringed: pyrimidines / purinespurines - double ringed
    pyrimidines - single ringed
  54. 54which has an OH group attached to their 5 carbon sugar ribose / deoxyriboseribose
  55. 55which has just H attached to its 5 carbon sugar ribose / deoxyribosedeoxyribose
  56. 56what is chargaffs rulethat there is always an equal amounts of purines and pyrimidines in DNA
  57. 57what did franklin, watson and crick discover?that DNA has a double helix stucture
  58. 58whats the diff between nucleoside and nucleotidenucleotide has a sugar, a phosphate and a nitrogen
    nucleoside has just a base and a sugar
  59. 59how do our cells acquire nucleosideswhen DNA replicates nucleosides are added to the growing DNA strand
  60. 60where are proteins producedRIBOSOMES
  61. 61why are telomeres importantthey protect the ends of the genes on chromosomes when DNA replicates, they shorten with every replication
  62. 62do bacteria have telomeres? why/why notno, because their DNA is circular
  63. 63what strand of DNA can DNA polymerase add new nucleotides tothe 3' to 5' strand
  64. 64what is the leading / lagging strand3' to 5' is leading
    5' to 3' is lagging
  65. 65what is the thing called that the lagging strand has to use to be replicatedokazaki fragments
  66. 66what is the enzyme that links the new DNA segments together calledDNA ligase
  67. 67what does helicase dobreaks the hydrogen bonds between DNA
  68. 68how do our cells deal with mutations? (2) what if a mutation still occurs? (2) what if a mutation STILL occurs (1)- proof reading
    - repair enzymes
    - apoptosis
    -immune cells (that kill cancer)
    - DISEASE
  69. 69what are the 3 main types of mutations in cellssubtitution
    insertion
    deletion
  70. 70what mutation type is this an example of: THE CAT SAW THE DOG ---> THE BAT SAW THE DOGSUBSTITUTION
  71. 71what mutation type is this an example of: THE CAT SAW THE DOG THE CRA TSA WTH EDO GINSERTION
  72. 72what mutation type is this an example of: THE CAT SAW THE DOG THE _ ATS AWT HED OGDELETTION
  73. 73what do you call a substance that mutates DNAa mutagen
  74. 74what do you call a substance that mutates DNA AND ALSO causes cancercarcinogen
  75. 75what is the difference between exons and intronsexons - code for mrna
    introns - removed and not part of the mrna sequence
  76. 76what are the 3 parts to the path of central dogmadna - rna - protein
  77. 77what are the 3 kinds of RNA and their functionsmRNA - "message" transcribed from the gene
    tRNA - transfers amino acids to the ribosomes
    rRNA - makes up part of the ribosome
  78. 78where does transcription occurin the nucleus
  79. 79what are the 3 stages of transcription (IN ELephants Trunk)Initiation
    Elongation
    Termination
  80. 80which refers to producing RNA from a gene transcrition // translationtranscription
  81. 81what is another name form the template strand? a. coding // b. sense // c. antisenseantisense
  82. 82how do we have so many more proteins than genes? a. alternative splicing // b. mutations // c. DNA replicationalternative splicing
  83. 83which enzyme adds the complimentary nucleotides in transcription a. primase // b. DNA polymerase // c. RNA polymerasec. RNA polymerase
  84. 84which is a regulatory sequence for polymerase to initiate transcriptionpromoters
  85. 85what does a splicosome do? a. brings amino acids to the ribosome b. helps the ribosome bind to the mRNA c. removes introns d. folds proteinsremoves introns
  86. 86what is added to the 5' end of the mRNA molecule during RNA processing a. guanines // b. adenines // c. thymines // d. cytosinesguanines
  87. 87what is the sense (coding) strand / what is the antisense (template) strand 3' ---> 5' 5' ---> 3'3' ----> 5' ANTISENSE
    5' ---> 3' SENSE
  88. 88what strand codes for the gene sense // antisensesense strand
  89. 89where does transcription take placein the nucleus
  90. 90how does RNA polymerase "know" where the beginning of a gene is locatedthere is a promoter
  91. 91what is almost always the first codon in an mRNA moleculeAUG
  92. 92which strand of DNA does the polymerase use to form the mRNA molecule? in which direction does polymerase transcribe mRNApolymerase uses the antisense strand to form the mRNA --- mRNA has complimentary nucleotides to the antisense (3' -> 5')
  93. 93what are ribosomes composed of (4)- proteins
    - rRNA
    - small subunit
    - large subunit
  94. 94explain the small subunit and the large subunitsmall subunit - mRNA binds to thise
    large subunit - has the 3 binding sites
  95. 95which site of the ribosome are PePtide bonds formedP
  96. 96what is cellular respiratiOn essentiallythe oxidation of food to obtain energy
  97. 97what molecule is used as energy in our cellsATP
  98. 98how does ATP give us energywhen the last phosphate is broken off and ATP (tri) becomes ADP (di)
  99. 99what does oxidation and reduction mean LEO goes GERoxidation - LOSS of electrons
    reduction - GAIN of electrons
  100. 100what is the difference between aerobic and anearobic respirationaerobic - requires oxygen
    anaerobic - does not require oxygen
  101. 101where do the following occur: glycolysis pyruvate oxidation krebs cycle electron transport chaincytoplasm
    matrix
    matrix
    inner membrane
  102. 102does glycolysis produce a lil or lot of ATPa lil
  103. 103how many pyruvate molecules are made from 1 glucose2
  104. 104how many NADH molecules are made in glycolysis2
  105. 105how many ATP are required to start the process of glycolysis2
  106. 106what are the final products of glycolysis2 NADH
    2 ATP
    2 Pyruvates
  107. 107during which process is acetyl CoA producedPyruvate oxidation
  108. 108where does pyruvate oxidation occurmatrix
  109. 109what is the most important product of Krebs cycleNADH
  110. 110when is CO2 producedglycolysis and pyruvate oxidation
  111. 111how many FADH2 molecules are formed during krebs2
  112. 112what is the end product of pyruvate oxidationNADH and aceytl CoA
  113. 113what waste product is created during krebs and P.OCO2 (we exhale it)
  114. 114how much ATP is produced in KRebs2
  115. 115why are NADH and FADH so importantthey carry the elctrons for the electron transport chain
  116. 116define homozygousalleles for some traits that are the SAME PP or pp
  117. 117define heterozygousalleles for some traits that are DIFFERENT Pp
  118. 118define dominant / recessivecapitAL - DOMINANT
    lower case - recessive
  119. 119phenotype vs genotypephenotype - what you can see
    genotype - the trait of the gene
  120. 120punnett squarespunnett squares

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biology test 2
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