11732944
Description
Flashcards by Courtney Sampson, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by Courtney Sampson
over 6 years ago
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| Question | Answer |
| what are the 2 main components of bacterial replication | 1) DNA replication 2) Binary Fission |
| describe DNA replication in bacteria | DNA is copied before cell division |
| what is a plasmid | extra piece of DNA in bacteria |
| describe binary fission | splitting the cytoplasm into 2, to create 2 new identical cells |
| explain the steps in bacterial DNA replication | 1) DNA replication begins at the point of origin 2) enzymes separate the strands of DNA (break hydrogen bonds) 3) DNA POLYMERASE proceeds - two new strands of DNA are formed 4) binary fission |
| how do bacteria acquire genetic variation if they replicate asexually | DNA Transfer |
| what are the 3 types of DNA transfer | 1) conjugation 2) transduction 3) transformation |
| describe the process of transduction | when bacteria acquire DNA from VIRUSES |
| describe the process of conjugation | when bacteria acquire DNA directly from another bacteria |
| describe the process of transformation | when bacteria acquire their DNA from their surroundings |
| what is the cell cycle? | the cycle includes a growth phase, DNA replication, and cell division |
| what phase do cells spend the most time in? | interphase (98% of the time) |
| explain generally what is occuring in G1, S, G2 and mitosis | G1 - cell growth phase (preparing for S) S - DNA replication G2 - cell growth phase (preparing for mitosis - G2 CHECKPOINT for mutations **) M - separation of chromosomes and splitting of cytoplasm - creates 2 new identical cells |
| what is cytokinesis? | the process of splitting the cytoplasm - resulting in 2 identical cells |
| what is the main purpose of mitosis | to produce more cells in the body (cell replication) |
| how many chromosomes do humans have in each cell nucleus, how many do we receive from each parent? | 46 chromosomes in the cell nucleus - we acquire 23 from each parent. |
| what is the difference between homologous chromosomes and sister chromatids? | h. chrom. = each set of the 23 chromosomes (one from mom, one from dad) sister chrom. = identical copy (mom x2 or dad x2) |
| what is a karyotype | the organization of all of a cell's chromosomes |
| what are the main events that occur in EACH of the stages of mitosis | prophase - nuclear membrane and the nucleus begin to break down, the chromosomes begin to migrate to opposite poles of the cell, spindle fibers start to form metaphase - chromosomes move to the center of the cell, lining up anaphase - chromosomes are pulled to opposite poles by the spindle fibres telophase - chromosomes reach opposite ends of the cell, a new nuclear membrane is made cytokinesis - the cytoplasm divides equally |
| what is the role of the spindle fibres | they transport the chromosomes during division |
| how many chromosomes are in each new daughter cell | 46 |
| Somatic Cells - division/purpose/diploid or haploid/number of chromosomes | mitosis / to produce 2 new identical cells / diploid / 46 |
| Germ Cells - division/purpose/diploid or haploid/number of chromosomes | meiosis / producing gametes / diploid / 46 |
| Gametes - division/purpose/diploid or haploid/number of chromosomes | no division / fertilization / haploid / 23 |
| what is apoptosis | "programmed cell death" because of a mutation |
| what is angiogenisis? and how does it relate to cancer | the development of new blood cells - cancer cells use this to create new blood cells to feed off of for nutrients |
| describe the 3 check points and how they are involved in cell - cycle regulation | G1, G2, M checkpoints G1 - the cell determines whether DNA replication will happen (yes if no mutations) G2 - cell determines if there are any mutations that occured during replication M- final checkpoint - ensures the cell cycle should be completed |
| what is a carcinogen | anything that causes cancer |
| what can cause cancer | radiation, asbestos, tobacco smokes, HIV HPV and hepatitis etc. |
| diff. between proto-oncogene oncogene tumor supressor- gene | proto-oncogenes - code for a protein to speed up the cell cycle (healing or pregnancy) oncogene - a mutated proto-oncogene tumor supressor genes - code for a protein that stop the cell cycle if a DNA damage is detected |
| what kinds of DNA mutations could be involved in cancer | 1) mutated genes that regulate the cell cycle 2) mutated DNA repair enzymes 3) genes that increase angiogenesis 4) genes that prevent apoptosis 5) genes that regulate the immune response |
| Mitosis is in ______ cells Meiosis is in _____ cells | somatic germ cells |
| what are alleles | homologous chromosomes that have the same genes but have different variations of those genes |
| what are sister chromatids | they are the product of DNA replication and are identical copies of each other |
| what is the centromere | where sister chromatids are joined together |
| which is the process of directly acquiring DNA from a pili? | conjugation |
| which is the process of acquiring DNA from a virus? | transduction |
| what is the process in which chromosomes begin to wind up tightly called? | condensation |
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what phase of mitosis is this (spaghetti lookin)
Image:
Image (binary/octet-stream)
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INTERPHASE |
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what phase of mitosis is this (actual chromosomes now floatin around)
Image:
Prophase (image/gif)
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PROPHASE |
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what stage of mitosis is this (lining up in the thing in the Middle)
Image:
Metaphase (image/gif)
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METAPHASE |
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what stage of mitosis is this (being pulled to opposite ends)
Image:
Anaphase (image/gif)
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ANAPHASE |
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what phase of mitosis is this (cell starting to divide)
Image:
Telophase (image/gif)
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TELOPHASE |
| when is DNA replicated in meiosis | ONLY before Meiosis 1 |
| what does meiosis 1 do? a. separate homologous pairs // b. separates sister chromatids | A |
| what does meiosis 2 do? a. separates homologous pairs // b. separates sister chromatids | B |
| when does crossing over happen in meiosis | prophase 1 |
| at the end of meiosis what is the result? (egg/sperm) | 1 egg 4 sperm |
| when do males start to undergo meiosis? | puberty |
| what bond holds together a base pair in DNA what bond holds together the sugar-phosphate backbone | hydrogen bond phosphodiester bonds |
| what are the 5 nucleotides that make up nucleic acid macromolecules | Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine, Thymine, Uracil (only RNA - replaces Thymine - bonds with Adenine) |
| which nucleotides are purines, which are pyrimidines? | purines - A + G pyrimidines - C + T + U |
| which is double ringed / single ringed: pyrimidines / purines | purines - double ringed pyrimidines - single ringed |
| which has an OH group attached to their 5 carbon sugar ribose / deoxyribose | ribose |
| which has just H attached to its 5 carbon sugar ribose / deoxyribose | deoxyribose |
| what is chargaffs rule | that there is always an equal amounts of purines and pyrimidines in DNA |
| what did franklin, watson and crick discover? | that DNA has a double helix stucture |
| whats the diff between nucleoside and nucleotide | nucleotide has a sugar, a phosphate and a nitrogen nucleoside has just a base and a sugar |
| how do our cells acquire nucleosides | when DNA replicates nucleosides are added to the growing DNA strand |
| where are proteins produced | RIBOSOMES |
| why are telomeres important | they protect the ends of the genes on chromosomes when DNA replicates, they shorten with every replication |
| do bacteria have telomeres? why/why not | no, because their DNA is circular |
| what strand of DNA can DNA polymerase add new nucleotides to | the 3' to 5' strand |
| what is the leading / lagging strand | 3' to 5' is leading 5' to 3' is lagging |
| what is the thing called that the lagging strand has to use to be replicated | okazaki fragments |
| what is the enzyme that links the new DNA segments together called | DNA ligase |
| what does helicase do | breaks the hydrogen bonds between DNA |
| how do our cells deal with mutations? (2) what if a mutation still occurs? (2) what if a mutation STILL occurs (1) | - proof reading - repair enzymes - apoptosis -immune cells (that kill cancer) - DISEASE |
| what are the 3 main types of mutations in cells | subtitution insertion deletion |
| what mutation type is this an example of: THE CAT SAW THE DOG ---> THE BAT SAW THE DOG | SUBSTITUTION |
| what mutation type is this an example of: THE CAT SAW THE DOG THE CRA TSA WTH EDO G | INSERTION |
| what mutation type is this an example of: THE CAT SAW THE DOG THE _ ATS AWT HED OG | DELETTION |
| what do you call a substance that mutates DNA | a mutagen |
| what do you call a substance that mutates DNA AND ALSO causes cancer | carcinogen |
| what is the difference between exons and introns | exons - code for mrna introns - removed and not part of the mrna sequence |
| what are the 3 parts to the path of central dogma | dna - rna - protein |
| what are the 3 kinds of RNA and their functions | mRNA - "message" transcribed from the gene tRNA - transfers amino acids to the ribosomes rRNA - makes up part of the ribosome |
| where does transcription occur | in the nucleus |
| what are the 3 stages of transcription (IN ELephants Trunk) | Initiation Elongation Termination |
| which refers to producing RNA from a gene transcrition // translation | transcription |
| what is another name form the template strand? a. coding // b. sense // c. antisense | antisense |
| how do we have so many more proteins than genes? a. alternative splicing // b. mutations // c. DNA replication | alternative splicing |
| which enzyme adds the complimentary nucleotides in transcription a. primase // b. DNA polymerase // c. RNA polymerase | c. RNA polymerase |
| which is a regulatory sequence for polymerase to initiate transcription | promoters |
| what does a splicosome do? a. brings amino acids to the ribosome b. helps the ribosome bind to the mRNA c. removes introns d. folds proteins | removes introns |
| what is added to the 5' end of the mRNA molecule during RNA processing a. guanines // b. adenines // c. thymines // d. cytosines | guanines |
| what is the sense (coding) strand / what is the antisense (template) strand 3' ---> 5' 5' ---> 3' | 3' ----> 5' ANTISENSE 5' ---> 3' SENSE |
| what strand codes for the gene sense // antisense | sense strand |
| where does transcription take place | in the nucleus |
| how does RNA polymerase "know" where the beginning of a gene is located | there is a promoter |
| what is almost always the first codon in an mRNA molecule | AUG |
| which strand of DNA does the polymerase use to form the mRNA molecule? in which direction does polymerase transcribe mRNA | polymerase uses the antisense strand to form the mRNA --- mRNA has complimentary nucleotides to the antisense (3' -> 5') |
| what are ribosomes composed of (4) | - proteins - rRNA - small subunit - large subunit |
| explain the small subunit and the large subunit | small subunit - mRNA binds to thise large subunit - has the 3 binding sites |
| which site of the ribosome are PePtide bonds formed | P |
| what is cellular respiratiOn essentially | the oxidation of food to obtain energy |
| what molecule is used as energy in our cells | ATP |
| how does ATP give us energy | when the last phosphate is broken off and ATP (tri) becomes ADP (di) |
| what does oxidation and reduction mean LEO goes GER | oxidation - LOSS of electrons reduction - GAIN of electrons |
| what is the difference between aerobic and anearobic respiration | aerobic - requires oxygen anaerobic - does not require oxygen |
| where do the following occur: glycolysis pyruvate oxidation krebs cycle electron transport chain | cytoplasm matrix matrix inner membrane |
| does glycolysis produce a lil or lot of ATP | a lil |
| how many pyruvate molecules are made from 1 glucose | 2 |
| how many NADH molecules are made in glycolysis | 2 |
| how many ATP are required to start the process of glycolysis | 2 |
| what are the final products of glycolysis | 2 NADH 2 ATP 2 Pyruvates |
| during which process is acetyl CoA produced | Pyruvate oxidation |
| where does pyruvate oxidation occur | matrix |
| what is the most important product of Krebs cycle | NADH |
| when is CO2 produced | glycolysis and pyruvate oxidation |
| how many FADH2 molecules are formed during krebs | 2 |
| what is the end product of pyruvate oxidation | NADH and aceytl CoA |
| what waste product is created during krebs and P.O | CO2 (we exhale it) |
| how much ATP is produced in KRebs | 2 |
| why are NADH and FADH so important | they carry the elctrons for the electron transport chain |
| define homozygous | alleles for some traits that are the SAME PP or pp |
| define heterozygous | alleles for some traits that are DIFFERENT Pp |
| define dominant / recessive | capitAL - DOMINANT lower case - recessive |
| phenotype vs genotype | phenotype - what you can see genotype - the trait of the gene |
| punnett squares | punnett squares |
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