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Description
Flashcards by J yadonknow, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by J yadonknow
over 6 years ago
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| Question | Answer |
| internal respiration | Energy is made available to cells and liberated via glycolysis/TCA cycle |
| external respiration | Exchange of gases with the external environment |
| How does gas exchange take place across biological membranes? | diffusion as a result of partial pressure differences |
| What is meant by partial pressure? | The pressure of a single gas in a gas mixture |
| physical factors influence rate of diffusion (6) PTSTSD | 1. Partial pressure differences 2. Diameter of the gas molecule 3.Temperature 4. Solubility of the gas in liquid 5. Thickness of the gas exchange surface 6.Surface area of the gas exchange surface |
| Fick's Law (7) | Q=DA/ ((PE-PI)/L) Q=Rate of diffusion D=Diffusion coefficient A=Surface area L=Thickness of interface, inverse relationship to Q |
| Why air>water? | There's more O2 available per unit volume Water flow is more turbulent |
| What do the respiratory systems of animals consist of? (3) | 1. Specialised body surfaces for Gx 2. Mech. to ventilate the external surface. 3. Mech. to perfuse resp. media across the internal surface. |
| What is the primary role of a respiratory system? | Meet the metabolic needs of an organism. |
| Why aren't these adaptations suitable for larger organisms? | As O2 can't diffuse directly to the cells and therefore specialised mechanisms are required |
| Describe the adaptations of life to liquid environments. (4) | 1. Gills are highly branched and folded extensions of the body surface - with evaginations. 2. Maximises surface area. 3.Thin tissue 4. New medium continuously flows over surface. |
| Describe the adaptations of life to gaseous environments. (5) | 1. Invaginations of respiratory surface offer protection. 2. Also increases internal surface area, branches end in air sacs. 3.Thin tissue minimises diffusion pathway 4. Highly vascular maintain material exchange gradient. 5. Elastic lungs recoil and retain original shape, allows increases of capacity. |
| Draw a labelled diagram of the structure of the human respiratory system (6) | Pharynx, nasal cavity, larynx, trachea (cartilogenous rings), 1' bronchioles, lung. |
| Lung zones | Conducting Terminal + respiratory |
| Structures in conducting TBBT | Trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, terminal bronchioles |
| Structures in transitional + resp. zones RAA | Respiratory bronchioles alveolar ducts alveolar sacs |
| What happens in the "dead space" of the conducting zone? (3) | 1. TRANSFER of gases to/from alveoli. 2. CONDITIONING of inspired air. 3. FILTRATION and removal of foreign material, prevented from entering blood stream. |
| What happens in the transitional and respiratory zones? (4) | 1. Gas exchange. 2. O2 Delivery to blood. 3.CO2 transfer from blood. 4. Both via diffusion. |
| Draw a diagram taken from a spirometer test Re capa capa capa re re | Tidal volume FRC IRV inspiratory capacity expiratory reserve vol. vital capacity residual vol. |
| What does the tidal volume show? | Average breath |
| What does the inspiratory reserve volume show? | The change between a normal breath in and a max inspiratory effort. |
| What does the inspiratory reserve capacity show? | Total amount of air inhaled after an exhalation. |
| What does the vital capacity show? | Max. breath effort |
| What does the expiratory reserve volume show? | Air volume reserve in lung left after normal tidal breathing. |
| What does the residual volume show? | Air reserve left in lungs, even after max. exhalation. |
| What are the consequences of tidal ventilation? (5) | 1. Incoming air is mixed with "used" gases. 2. Reserve provides an O2 reservoir (no shit sherlock) 3. 'Dead space' doesn't participate in Gx. 4. Allows the warming/humidifying of air 5. Provides protection and movement of foreign material facilitated via cilia/mucus. |
| How do you calculate the alveolar ventiliation rate? | VA=(TV-DS) x Breathing rate |
| How is alveolar ventilation increased? | ^ TV ^ respiratory frequency |
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