12501253
Description
Flashcards by Jessica Kim, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by Jessica Kim
about 6 years ago
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| Question | Answer |
| Common characteristics of living organisms | 1) maintain homeostasis 2) evolve 3) reproduce itself or with another; develops 4) requires energy to function |
| What is the structure of an atom? |
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| What is the Atomic Number? | Number of Protons |
| How do you determine the Atomic Mass? | (# of Neutrons) + (# of Protons) |
| How do you determine the ionic charge? | (-e) - (P) |
| How do you determine the number of electrons in an atom? | (Atomic #) - (Atomic Mass) |
| What is a Nonpolar covalent bond? | A chemical bond where two atoms share two electrons equally; VERY STRONG |
| What is a polar covalent bond? | A chemical bond where a pair of electron unequally share two electrons; one atom has a stronger pull |
| Electronegativity | The ability of an atom to attract shared electrons |
| What is a Covalent Bond? | A bond formed by two atoms sharing an electron |
| What is polarity? | The separation of charges |
| What is an ionic bond? | Two atoms that are attracted to one another create an ionic bond. Energy is required to keep them apart to create minimum energy; attraction of opposite charges ions |
| What is an electrostatic interaction? | The attractive or repulsive forces between objects having charges |
| What is the Van der Waal’s forces? | A weak short range electrostatic attraction between two uncharged molecules |
| Element | Cannot be broken down by chemical means into any other substance |
| Isotopes | Variations in number of electrons |
| Radioactive Isotopes | Unstable atoms that emit radioactive energy as they break down into stable forms |
| Molecules | The way atoms are arranged |
| Compounds | Two or more elements |
| Electron Shell | The place where electrons are located |
| Bonding | Fills vacancies in an election she’ll |
| What is the interaction between hydrogen bonds and hydrophobic (polar) bonds? | Hydrophobic molecules are nonpolar and have long strands of carbon that do not interact with water molecules because of the Van der Waals forces both charges are weak and are non charged molecules |
| Hydrophilic Molecule | Hydrophilic molecules are either charged or polar they don’t loose an electron but shift an electron from one atom to another; attracted to water |
| Hydrophobic Molecule | Electrically neutral and have a non-polar reaction to water; they do not loose or gain electrons nor do they shift electrons |
| Hydrophobic Molecule (reaction between water and oil) | Hydrophobic Molecule reaction in water they will separate into distinct layers and the oil and water will not react because both have weak non charged molecules |
| Hydrophilic Molecule (in water and oil) | Hydrophilic Molecules (ie sugar) can be dissolved in water |
| What are monomers? | They are subunits of repeating biological molecules |
| What is a polymer? | Multiple joint monomers |
| What do many amino acid monomers make? | Protein Polymer |
| What do glucose monomers make? | Complex Carbohydrate Polymer |
| How are biological polymers made? | Dehydration Synthesis |
| What is dehydration synthesis? | The two atoms combine to form a byproduct and the bond links the two monomers ie when hydrogen monomer combine with an hydroxyl it forms water and create a bond |
| What is hydrolysis? | It is the opposite of an dehydration synthesis so it breaks the polymers into monomers with the assistance of water; water is used to break the bond |
| What are some organic monomers? | 1) Carbohydrates (monosaccharides) 2) Lipids (glycerol and fatty acids) 3) Nucleic Acids (nucleotides) 4) Proteins (amino acids) |
| What is the monomer for carbohydrates? | Monosaccharides |
| What are the monomers for lipids? | Glycerol and fatty acids |
| What are the monomers for nucleic acids? | Nucleotides |
| What are the monomers for Proteins? | Amino Acids |
| What are carbohydrates? | They are sugar and starches and store energy |
| What are isomers | They have the same chemical formula but have different structures |
| Can an monosaccharide be an isomer? | Yes |
| What is glucose? | A common source of energy for living things |
| What is glycolysis? | A process which glucose is broken down by a cell |
| What is aerobic respiration? | Process in which glucose is broken down further |
| What is starch? | Stored by plants to use for energy |
| What is glycogen? | Stored by animals for energy |
| What is fructose? | An isomer or glucose is a simple sugar found in fruits |
| What is sucrose? | Formed from a single glucose and single fructose; disaccharide |
| What is a disaccharide? | A sugar that is composed of two monosaccharides |
| What are lipids? | Waxes, fats, oils |
| Can lipids be used for energy storage? | Yes |
| What is an important component of a cell membrane? | Lipids |
| What are the three main types of fatty acids? | 1) Saturated 2) Monounsaturated 3) Polyunsaturated |
| How are they differentiated? | By the number of hydrogen atoms present |
| What are saturated fats? | They are hydrocarbon molecules that have a hydrogen molecule in every carbon; hydrogenated |
| What are unsaturated fats? | They have two carbons that share double or triple bonds and are not completely saturated in hydrogen bonds |
| Which polymer is DNA and RNA made of? | They are made from long strands of nucleotide monomer creating a nucleic acid polymer |
| What are examples of Macromolecules? | 1) Protein 2) Nucleic Acids 3) Lipids 4) Polysaccharides |
| What is a triglyceride? | three fatty acids attached to a glycerol |
| 1st step to the scientific method? | Make an observation |
| 2nd | Ask a question |
| 3rd | Conduct prior knowledge |
| 4th | Formulate a hypothesis |
| 5th | Make predictions |
| 6th | Collect and formulate data |
| 7th | Conduct more prior knowledge |
| 8th | Draw conclusions |
| 10th | If not good go back to make an observation otherwise ask a peer to review your findings |
| 11th | Publish when satisfied |
| Why is the number of sample size important? | The findings would be more closer to accurate |
| What is an independent variable? | What is being manipulated |
| What is a dependent variable? | What is being measured |
| What is the standard variable? | The constant for all subjects |
| What is the control? | An untreated group for comparison |
| What is a theory? | An explanation for a natural phenomenon; proved by tremendous amount of research |
| What is the nucleus? | Contains the DNA (blueprints) of the cell |
| What are ribosomes? | Reads RNA to creates a chain of amino acids to create proteins |
| What is the rough endoplasmic reticulum? | Aids processing protein |
| What is the Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum? | Regulates and release calcium ions and processes toxins |
| What does the golgi complex do? | Aids in transport, modifying, and packing proteins, lipids and vesticles |
| What are lysosomes? | Aids in digesting worn organelles, food particles, and engulfed viruses or bacteria |
| What are vesticles? | Transports proteins out of the cell |
| What is a selectively permeable bilayer? | A bilipid layer that allows the active or passive transport of certain molecules or ions |
| What is active transport? | Requires the cell to expend energy to move the molecules |
| What is passive transport? | Can be done without cellular energy |
| Can any molecule or ion pass through the cell wall? | No the molecule or ion has to match or be smaller than the hole in the bilayer |
| How can a larger molecule move into a cell? | By forming a vesticle |
| What is phospholipid? | A cell membran |
| What is a phospholipid? | Are composed of hydrophilic head and hydrophobic tail; arranged head out and tail in |
| What is diffusion? | The process of water molecules moving from a high water concentration to low through a selectively permeable membrane |
| What is turgid? | A shriveled animal cell |
| What is Plasmolysed? | When a plant cell shrivels up in the inside of the cell wall |
| What is diffusion? | The passive movement of molecules or particles along a concentration gradient |
| What is concentration gradient? | from regions of higher concentrations to regions of lower concentration |
| What is facilitated diffusion? | When molecules diffuse via special transport proteins found within the cell membrane |
| What is simple diffusion? | One that occurs non assisted |
| What is active transport? | One that does not require chemical energy |
| What is endocytosis? | A process a cell does to engulf materials from the outside in a plasma membrane called a vacuole |
| What is exocytosis? | When a cell pushes particles or materials out |
| What is receptor-mediated endocytosis? | Process where a cell absorbs proteins or viruses |
| What is an isotonic solution? | one in which the concentration of solutes is the same both inside and outside of the cell. |
| What is hypertonic solution? | ne in which the concentration of solutes is greater inside the cell than outside of it |
| What is hypotonic solution? | one where the concentration of solutes is greater outside the cell than inside it |
| What are enzymes and what do they do? |
They are usually proteins that spreed up the rate of virtually all chemical reactions
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| What are substrates? |
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| What is the active site? |
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