13242652
Description
Flashcards by Zsofi Dombi, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by Zsofi Dombi
about 6 years ago
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| Question | Answer |
| Hippocampus location | located under the cerebral cortex, in the medial temproal lobe |
| Memory definition | faculty of the mind by which information is encoded, stored and retrieved |
| Why is memory important? (Eysenck, 2012) | vital to experiences, without remembering past events we could not learn / develop language, relationships, personal identitiy |
| Amnesia definition | the profound loss of memories, in the presence of relatively preserved cognitive abilities |
| Types of amnesia | 1. psychogenic: results from psychological factors 2. organic: results from damage to the brain through physical injury |
| Anterograde amnesia definition | the inability to form new memories |
| Retrograde amnesia | The lost of pre-exisitng memories to conscious recollection beyond an ordinary degree of forgetfulness |
| Hippocampal amnesia | damage to the medial temproal lobe |
| Patient HM | - had bilateral medial temproal lobectomy to treat his epilepsy - reduction in epilepsy but heavy anterograde amnesia and temporally graded retrograde amnesia |
| What is preserved in hippocampal patients? | - short term memory: tested by digit span - procedural memory: tested by mirror drawing - general cognitive memory: tested by the Wisconsin Crad Sorting Test |
| The taxonomy of Memory | - long term memory: explicit and implicit memory - explicit memory: semantic and episodic memory - implicit memory: priming, classical conditioning, procedural skills, non-associative learning |
| Explicit memory in the brain | medial temporal lobe |
| Implicit memory in the brain | - non-associative learning: reflexes - classical conditioning: emotional - amygdala, skeletal - cerebellum - priming: neocortex - procedural skills - striatum |
| the standard consolidation theory | - by Squire and Alvarez (1995) -the hippocampus is believed to rapidly integrate and bind together information transmitted from distributed cortical networks that support the various features of a whole experience in order to form a coherent memory trace -as memories mature, the role of the hippocampus would gradually diminish, leaving extrahippocampal regions, presumably cortical areas, to become independently capable of sustaining memories and mediate retrieval |
| problem with the standard consolidation theory | - individuals growing up with hippocampal damage have normal semantic knowledge, only impairment in episodic memory - patient FRF had reserved semantic memory, but severe retrograde autobiographical amnesia |
| revised taxonomy | semantic memory: independent of hippocampus |
| Squire & Bayley (2007) | graded retrograde amnesia is regularly reported in hippocamapl patients |
| Cipolotti et al (2001) | patient V.C. had amensia for very remote memories |
| Steinvorth et al (2005) | assessed remote autobiographical memories in HM and WR - semantic memories without hippocampus are not rich in detail |
| The Multiple Trace Theory | - proposed by Nadel and Moscovitch (1997) - every remembering: a new trace - older memories: become semanticised - the hippocampus retains a permanent role in memory storage and retrieval as long as memories exist |
| Gilboa et al (2004) | - fMRI study using family photographs - hippocampal activation is related to the vividness rather than the age of memory - support the multiple trace theory |
| O'Keefe & Nadel (1978) | proposed that hippocampus stores cognitive maps |
| Martin et al (2005) | - hippocampus play a long-lasting role in spatial memory - examined retrograde memory in rats (partial / complete) |
| Maguire et al (2006) | - patient TT: taxi driver in London - remembered and navugated good in major roads - impaired navigation when minor roads used |
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