Flashcards
Context Interwar Period
Cards in this deck (17)
- 119181. End of the world war which resulted in Treaty of Versailles which punished Germany for it's involvement in the war. Germans felt outraged at this treaty which they saw as forced/imposed. All lot of British diplomats and scholars saw it as unjust and the trigger for another war.
2. It was called the Great war and it was predicted that no other would occur.
3. Enormous national debts, which contributed to the financial insecurity that was to plague all of Europe - 2The Great War1. The war left many individuals with PTSD, shell shock and mental disturbia, this resulted in what is known as the 'Lost generation.' It was a term not only coined to describe the aimlessness of the post-war generation but also the upper-class casualties who died disproportionately.
- 3Censorship during the WarDORA (Defence of the Realm Act) it imposed Curfews and censorship. Severe restrictions on movement were introduced. This was in reaction to things like the Easter uprising (1916); strikes there were anti-war demonstrations, industrial action in essential industries, rent strikes, and even cries for a Marxist revolution.
- 4Sexual ControlWomen who were suspected of having venereal disease could be stopped by the police and subjected to a gynaecological examination.
Could be prosecuted for having sexual intercourse with a serviceman. It did not matter that he could have been her husband, and may have given her the disease in the first place. - 5Women in Post-War EnglandMany women worked during the war:
Treated as the reserve army of labour when the men went to war.
Their roles were seen as vital but pushed back into domestic sphere after war when men return.
750,000 women were made redundant in 1918
War formalised marriage bars in many roles e.g. teaching, nursing and the civil service
2. There was also a rise in spiritualism
3. A surplus of women increase in the number of unmarried women (spinster stereotype increased) - 6ColonialismDesire to be decolonised from India, nationalism surged led by Ghandi as a response to the Amritsar Masscare in 1916. Countries like Australia and South-africa gained semi-independece whilst Egypt became independent.
- 7First Wave FeminismWomen campaigned for the vote before WW1 (Suffragettes)
Women granted vote in 1918 (large majority)
But …only women over 30 years old.
In 1928, the Conservative government gave the vote to all women over the age of 21 - 8Women and Class1. Upper class women – coming out/debutantes/The ‘Season’
2. Middle-class women – some chance of university education – mass education but … Women were not awarded degrees on an equal basis to men at Cambridge until 1948, as this would make them have privileges that came with it i.e. equal status, voting rights etc... General view that if women's brain was stimulated too much, attention would divert from reproductive organs as well as women having natural disability to learning.
3. Working class women – financial burden if no husband (no equal pay for women) - 9What caused Modernismcaused by anthropological studies of comparative religion
new theories of electromagnetism and quantum physics
a growing critique of British imperialism and the ideology of empire
the growing force of doctrines of racial superiority in Germany
the escalation of warfare to a global level
shifting power structures, particularly as women enter the work force
the emergence of a new "city consciousness"
new information technologies such as radio and cinema
the advent of mass democracy and the rise of mass communication - 10Effect of Modernism1. the replacement of a belief in absolute, knowable truth with a sense of relative, provisional truths (Einstein's first book on relativity 1905); an awareness of "reality" as a constructed fiction
2. a focus on the unconscious as an important source of motivation (Freud's The Interpretation of Dreams 1900)
3. a turning away from teleological ways of thinking Instead a sense of time as discontinuous, overlapping, non-chronological; a shift from linear time to "moment time" plot: scepticism about linear plots with sudden climactic turning points and clear resolutions
4. character: a disappearance of character summary, of discrete well-demarcated characters types, representation of the self as diverse, contradictory.
5. a rejection of the single, authoritative, omniscient point of view
6. modernism encouraged the re-examination of every aspect of existence
7. Expressionism. - 11EugenicsPopular from later 19th century into 20th century derived from Darwinism and the ideology of natural selection.
1. marriage prohibitions and forced sterilization of people deemed unfit for reproduction (mental/physical disbability)
2. Associated with Nazi Germany and their desire to obtain a pure race. Incorporated in in Mein Kampf (euthanasia was often part of the program) - 12Roaring TwentiesThis invented the new woman known as the flapper who went away from traditional view of women to more modern one. Increase of mass culture and consumerism. Jazz indulgences also increased. School and healthcare also became free.
- 13Great Depression1. Britain's world trade fell by half (1929–33)
2. Particularly hardest hit by economic problems were the industrial and mining areas in the north of England, Scotland, Northern Ireland and Wales
4. Many families depended entirely on payments from the local government known as the dole - 14Response to the Great Depression1. Response to the crisis - erecting trade barriers and tariffs
2. The Jarrow March, also known as the Jarrow Crusade was a protest march
in October 1936 against unemployment and poverty around 200 men from Jarrow to London in 26 days. - 15Rise of Facism1. Fascism was often expansionist in its desire and sought to create a New Roman Empire. It was a reposne to modernism.
2. People were divided between ar left and far right.
3.0 In Britain the rise of Fascism is associated with Oswald Mosley who created the Blackshirts
4. In 1936, in decline, after events in Germany discredited Fascist parties, he marched with his blackshirts through a Jewish area in the East End, they were repulsed in the Battle of Cable End.
5. Acceptance of Nazism in Germany arose from a desire to return to glory of Antebellum Germany. - 16Spanish Civil War1. Precursor to 2nd WW
and it itted the Facist party agaisnt everyone Thsi was because Facist Italy began supporting Nazi Germany.
2. Bloody and savage war – 500, 000 died
3. There was much infighting between the opposing forces, splinter group of Communist and more extreme left-wing groups (much infighting) - 17Reaction to Spanish Civil War1. The reactions of both intellectuals and the mobilised left to the Spanish civil war were spontaneous and massive. Here, at last, the advance of fascism was being resisted by arms by the International Brigade.
2. WH Auden, asked to go to Spain for the propaganda value of his name, wrote to a friend: "I shall probably be a bloody bad soldier. But how can I speak to/for them without becoming one?"
3. the victory of the Fascists made writers nervous about conflict with Nazi Germany.
4. But for the moment there were no half-truths and hesitations, we had found a new freedom, almost a new morality, and discovered a new Satan- fascism.“ (Laurie Lee)
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- AS level English Flashcards on Context Interwar Period, created by Semaya Ali on 03/05/2018.
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