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Description
Flashcards by Olivia Gniadek, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by Olivia Gniadek
almost 6 years ago
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| Question | Answer |
| What is the alternative to HOMER in Genetics | Information Integrity Energy Interaction Inheritance |
| What is the flow of information in a cell? (Gene to Protein) | DNA Replication Transcription RNA Translation Protein |
| What is the hierarchy of order prevails connected through the flow of information | Cells Tissues Organs Systems Organism Population |
| How many protein-coding genes are in the human nuclear genome | 22,000 |
| What structure are the genes located on | Chromosomes |
| In Eukaryotes the chromosomes are an assembly of what? | Histones, that form a chromatin |
| Genotype | Genetic makeup of an organism |
| Phenotype | Appearance of an organism |
| genetic information is transmitted through what process | reproduction through chromosomes |
| Where are genes located and what is their purpose | located on chromosomes Units of hereditary information |
| what is the purpose of mutation | Driver for evolutionary change. can be positive or negative |
| what is the purpose of nucleotides | subunits are linked to form the nucleic acids, (RNA) and (DNA) cell's storehouse of genetic information. |
| what is the Basic Structure of a Nucleotide | sugar one of four bases and a phosphate. |
| what are the four Bases in DNA | Adenine (A) Guanine (G) Thymine (T) Cytosine (C) |
| Complementary Base Pairing | A-T and G-C |
| what is the DNA structure | DNA molecule is a double helix sugar-phosphate backbone A-T, GC bonding with hydrogen bond opposite polarity in strands |
| what are the Essential Attributes of Genetic Material (DNA) | Stability Information Replication |
| what does each newly replicated DNA double helix molecule contain | one parental strand and one daughter strand |
| what is the process of DNA replication | |
| What is required for DNA Replication | Template Origin(s) of replication (oriR) Primer Enzyme(s) Building Blocks |
| what is the purpose of the template | The double helix untwists builds two new strands The template strand is ordered 3'-5' |
| what is the purpose of origins of replication | nucleotides that indicate the start of synthesis synthesis proceeds in a bidirectional way of 2 advancing replication forks |
| what is the purpose of the enzymes | polymerase enzyme can only synthesise DNA in a 5'-3' direction. requires a pre-existing length of a double stranded nucleic acid with a free 3' OH |
| what is the purpose of the primer | a short piece of RNA is used to prime DNA synthesis to make DNA Pol to commence polymerisation. |
| what is the purpose of the Building blocks | Free nucleotides are required where N=A or G or C or T |
| what does replication proceed through the formation of | Leading and Lagging strands This allows bi-directional replication to occur |
| what is the purpose of the leading and lagging strands | The leading strand is synthesised continuously in direction of replication fork DNA is unwound by a helicase primase subunit lays down RNA primers on the lagging strand |
| what proteins are required during DNA replication | DNA Helicase DNA Primase DNA Polymerase DNA Ligase |
| What is the DNA Polymerase | Uses nucleotides (dATP, dCTP, dGTP and dTTP) as substrates DNA polymerases cannot start a chain but can only extend from a pre-existing strand |
| what is the role of Helicase | Helicases bind at the replication fork and begin unwinding the double-stranded DNA H-bonds are broken |
| what is the role of DNA primase | primase can initiate new chains, but requires a DNA template DNA Pol uses the RNA primer to commence DNA synthesis |
| what is the role of DNA ligase | Joins DNA fragments together to form continuous length of DNA. Requires ATP to form a covalent bond |
| the replication fork | The leading strand is synthesis in a continuous fashion A new RNA primer is used to generate each Okazaki fragment on the lagging strand |
| how does RNA differ from DNA | |
| what are the three types of RNA | tRNA rRNA mRNA |
| what are the requirements for transcription | Template Promoter Enzyme Building Blocks |
| what is needed for the synthesis of RNA | Non-template/coding strand non-transcribed strand Template/non-coding strand |
| what is a gene made up of | introns and exons that encodes a specific RNA molecule. |
| what are the three stages of Eukaryote mRNA Processing | 1. 5'end is capped 2. Introns are removed and exons are spliced 3. 3' end is tailed (poly A tail) |
| what is needed for transcription | Gene promoter requires a DNA template strandand all four ribonucleotides |
| what is an intron | any nucleotide sequence within a gene that is removed by RNA splicing during mutation of the final RNA product. |
| what is a Exon | any part of a gene that will encode a part of the final mature RNA produced by that gene after introns have been removed by RNA splicing. |
| what is De Novo | synthesis of a complex molecule from simple molecules |
| Summary of DNA Replication and Transmission | |
| what does translation do? | Produces a polypeptide from an mRNA molecule |
| what are the properties of translation | Triplet Non-overlapping Redundant excess coding capacity |
| Codon Usage Table | |
| Continuation of Codon Table | 61 codons specify a amino acid 3 codons are a signal to STOP translation |
| what is the purpose of mRNA | mRNA carries the genetic message from the DNA to the protein synthesising machinery of the cell |
| How does the ORF of the mRNA become translated into a protein? | There are 20 amino acids and 4 bases (A,G,C or U) in RNA Two-base code (NN): 4x4 = 16 NOT enough to specify 20 amino acids Three-base code (NN): 4x4x4 = 64 More than enough! The ORF of the mRNA is arranged as codons (triplet). |
| what is the role of the 'adaptor' tRNA molecule | Transfer RNA (tRNA) transport and position amino acids |
| What is the purpose of a ribosome | Site of translation Composed of rRNA and proteins assemble to form small and large subunits |
| what are the three binding sites in tRNA | The P site The A site The E site |
| Diagram of translation | |
| what forms the zygote | The union of sperm and egg at fertilisation The zygote inherits genetic information from both parents all cells derived from the zygote contain the same complement of generic material |
| what are somatic cells | do not give rise to the next generation |
| what are Germline cells | give rise to the next generation |
| what happens prior to replication in the DNA | each nucleus contains 2 copies of the genome DNA is then replicated before the chromosome divide |
| what happens during DNA replication | the DNA amount in the nucleus is doubled The two copies remain joined at the centromere and the chromosome is comprised of two genetically identical sister chromatids |
| What is diploid | two chromosomes of each type (homologous pairs) |
| what is haploid | they have only one chromosome of each type, their DNA is un-replicated |
| what happens in mitotic cell division | 1 cell gives rise to 2 daughter cells Mitosis aims to partition the genetic material equally to the 2 daughter cells |
| What happens at Prophase | Chromosome condensation Nuclear envelope breakdown Assembly of the mitotic spindle Separation of the sister chromatids of each chromosome |
| What happens at Metaphase | Alignment of the condensed chromosomes on metaphase plate Every chromosome aligns on the metaphase plate before separation begins |
| what happens at anaphase | Division of the centromere Separation of the sister chromatids of each chromosome to the opposite spindle poles |
| What happens at Telophase | Disassembly of the mitotic spindle Reformation of the nuclear envelope Chromosome de-condensation division of the cytoplasm |
| what are the benefits of genetic variation | improves chances of survival for individuals |
| what is diploidy | fundamental to sexual reproduction main driver of the evolution of eukaryotes |
| Are homologous chromosomes genetically identical or do they differ? | genes on one homologue are in same order & look similar |
| What are Alleles | two or more alternative forms of a gene that arise by mutation and are found at the same place on a chromosome. |
| What are the two aims of Mitotic Cell Division | Reduce chromosome number Enable maximum genetic variation |
| What happens in Mitotic Cell Division | Single round of DNA replication two rounds of cell division Halving genetic content occurs in germline cells to generate sperm and egg cells |
| what are the key events in meiosis | Homologous chromosome pair together and form structure with 4 chromatids Bivalents align on metaphase plate Homologues separate |
| What happens in Meiosis Prophase | Meiosis starts with a diploid cell homologues PAIR together chromosome of a homologous pair has two sister chromatids Each homologue carries a replicated allele |
| what happens in Meiosis Anaphase | The two homologues separate One of each pair goes to opposite spindle pole |
| What happens in Meiosis II | No DNA replication occurs Chromosomes line up again Sister chromatids separate Chromosomes decondense and cells divide |
| what does Meiosis II produce | four haploid gametes with genotype a or A |
| What happens at fertilisation | Only one sperm from the father can fertilise one egg. |
| What do Bivalents do | orientate randomly at metaphase I and separate randomly to the poles at anaphase I |
| how many genes are on each human chromosome | 100 genes |
| what happens during bivalent pairing at prophase I | maternal and paternal homologues can swap one or more sections of non-sister chromatid: 'crossing over' |
| what does crossing over lead to | genetic recombination and gives genetic variability to the gametes |
| what is Homozygous | two 'identical' alleles |
| what is heterozygous | two different alleles |
| what is a homologue | one pair of like chromosomes |
| what is a dominant allele | the allele that determines the phenotype in a heterozygous organism |
| what is a recessive allele | the allele that is 'hidden' in a heterozygous organism |
| what did Gregor Mendel discover | studied inheritance in peas (model organism) |
| what is the purpose of a punnett square | Used to predict the outcome of a genetic cross Predicts the probability of an offspring having a particular genotype Summarises the possible combination of maternal and paternal alleles |
| what is Mendel's first law of genetics | law of segregation The two alleles "segregate" at Anaphase I when the homologs segregate before being passed to the next generation |
| what do bivalents do? | orientate randomly at metaphase I and separate randomly to the poles at anaphase I |
| What is Mendel's 2nd law of genetics | alignment of one pair of homologues does not influence alignment of other pairs Each pair of alleles segregate independently of other pairs of alleles during gamete formation |
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