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Flashcards

Genetics

Olivia Gniadek Concepts in Biology Tertiary English 92 cards

Genetics

Cards in this deck (92)

  1. 1What is the alternative to HOMER in GeneticsInformation
    Integrity
    Energy
    Interaction
    Inheritance
  2. 2What is the flow of information in a cell? (Gene to Protein)DNA Replication
    Transcription
    RNA
    Translation
    Protein    What is the flow of information in a cell? (Gene to Protein)
  3. 3What is the hierarchy of order prevails connected through the flow of informationCells
    Tissues
    Organs
    Systems
    Organism
    Population
  4. 4How many protein-coding genes are in the human nuclear genome22,000
  5. 5What structure are the genes located onChromosomes
  6. 6In Eukaryotes the chromosomes are an assembly of what?Histones, that form a chromatin
  7. 7GenotypeGenetic makeup of an organism
  8. 8PhenotypeAppearance of an organism
  9. 9genetic information is transmitted through what processreproduction through chromosomes
  10. 10Where are genes located and what is their purposelocated on chromosomes
    Units of hereditary information
  11. 11what is the purpose of mutationDriver for evolutionary change. can be positive or negative
  12. 12what is the purpose of nucleotidessubunits are linked to form the nucleic acids, (RNA) and (DNA)
    cell's storehouse of genetic information.
  13. 13what is the Basic Structure of a Nucleotidesugar
    one of four bases
    and a phosphate.
  14. 14what are the four Bases in DNAAdenine (A)
    Guanine (G)
    Thymine (T)
    Cytosine (C)
  15. 15Complementary Base PairingA-T and G-C
  16. 16what is the DNA structureDNA molecule is a double helix
    sugar-phosphate backbone
    A-T, GC bonding with hydrogen bond
    opposite polarity in strands
  17. 17what are the Essential Attributes of Genetic Material (DNA)Stability
    Information
    Replication
  18. 18what does each newly replicated DNA double helix molecule containone parental strand and one daughter strand
  19. 19what is the process of DNA replicationwhat is the process of DNA replication
  20. 20What is required for DNA ReplicationTemplate
    Origin(s) of replication (oriR)
    Primer
    Enzyme(s)
    Building Blocks
  21. 21what is the purpose of the templateThe double helix untwists
    builds two new strands
    The template strand is ordered 3'-5'
  22. 22what is the purpose of origins of replicationnucleotides that indicate the start of synthesis
    synthesis proceeds in a bidirectional way of 2 advancing replication forks
  23. 23what is the purpose of the enzymespolymerase enzyme can only synthesise DNA in a 5'-3' direction.
    requires a pre-existing length of a double stranded nucleic acid with a free 3' OH
  24. 24what is the purpose of the primera short piece of RNA is used to prime DNA synthesis to make DNA Pol to commence polymerisation.
  25. 25what is the purpose of the Building blocksFree nucleotides are required
    where N=A or G or C or T
  26. 26what does replication proceed through the formation ofLeading and
    Lagging strands
    This allows bi-directional replication to occur    what does replication proceed through the formation of
  27. 27what is the purpose of the leading and lagging strandsThe leading strand is synthesised continuously in direction of replication fork
    DNA is unwound by a helicase
    primase subunit lays down RNA primers on the lagging strand
  28. 28what proteins are required during DNA replicationDNA Helicase
    DNA Primase
    DNA Polymerase
    DNA Ligase
  29. 29What is the DNA PolymeraseUses nucleotides (dATP, dCTP, dGTP and dTTP) as substrates
    DNA polymerases cannot start a chain but can only extend from a pre-existing strand
  30. 30what is the role of HelicaseHelicases bind at the replication fork and begin unwinding the double-stranded DNA
    H-bonds are broken
  31. 31what is the role of DNA primaseprimase can initiate new chains, but requires a DNA template
    DNA Pol uses the RNA primer to commence DNA synthesis
  32. 32what is the role of DNA ligaseJoins DNA fragments together to form continuous length of DNA.
    Requires ATP to form a covalent bond
  33. 33the replication forkThe leading strand is synthesis in a continuous fashion
    A new RNA primer is used to generate each Okazaki fragment on the lagging strand
  34. 34how does RNA differ from DNAhow does RNA differ from DNA
  35. 35what are the three types of RNAtRNA
    rRNA
    mRNA
  36. 36what are the requirements for transcriptionTemplate
    Promoter
    Enzyme
    Building Blocks
  37. 37what is needed for the synthesis of RNANon-template/coding strand
    non-transcribed strand
    Template/non-coding strand    what is needed for the synthesis of RNA
  38. 38what is a gene made up ofintrons and exons that encodes a specific RNA molecule.
  39. 39what are the three stages of Eukaryote mRNA Processing1. 5'end is capped
    2. Introns are removed and exons are spliced
    3. 3' end is tailed (poly A tail)
  40. 40what is needed for transcriptionGene promoter
    requires a DNA template strandand all four ribonucleotides
  41. 41what is an intronany nucleotide sequence within a gene that is removed by RNA splicing during mutation of the final RNA product.
  42. 42what is a Exonany part of a gene that will encode a part of the final mature RNA produced by that gene after introns have been removed by RNA splicing.
  43. 43what is De Novosynthesis of a complex molecule from simple molecules
  44. 44Summary of DNA Replication and TransmissionSummary of DNA Replication and Transmission
  45. 45what does translation do?Produces a polypeptide from an mRNA molecule
  46. 46what are the properties of translationTriplet
    Non-overlapping
    Redundant excess coding capacity
  47. 47Codon Usage TableCodon Usage Table
  48. 48Continuation of Codon Table61 codons specify a amino acid
    3 codons are a signal to STOP translation
  49. 49what is the purpose of mRNAmRNA carries the genetic message from the DNA to the protein synthesising machinery of the cell
  50. 50How does the ORF of the mRNA become translated into a protein?There are 20 amino acids and 4 bases (A,G,C or U) in RNA
    Two-base code (NN): 4x4 = 16 NOT enough to specify 20 amino acids
    Three-base code (NN): 4x4x4 = 64 More than enough!
    The ORF of the mRNA is arranged as codons (triplet).
  51. 51what is the role of the 'adaptor' tRNA moleculeTransfer RNA (tRNA) transport and position amino acids
  52. 52What is the purpose of a ribosomeSite of translation
    Composed of rRNA and proteins assemble to form small and large subunits
  53. 53what are the three binding sites in tRNAThe P site
    The A site
    The E site
  54. 54Diagram of translationDiagram of translation
  55. 55what forms the zygoteThe union of sperm and egg at fertilisation
    The zygote inherits genetic information from both parents
    all cells derived from the zygote contain the same complement of generic material
  56. 56what are somatic cellsdo not give rise to the next generation
  57. 57what are Germline cellsgive rise to the next generation
  58. 58what happens prior to replication in the DNAeach nucleus contains 2 copies of the genome
    DNA is then replicated before the chromosome divide
  59. 59what happens during DNA replicationthe DNA amount in the nucleus is doubled
    The two copies remain joined at the centromere and the chromosome is comprised of two genetically identical sister chromatids
  60. 60What is diploidtwo chromosomes of each type (homologous pairs)
  61. 61what is haploidthey have only one chromosome of each type, their DNA is un-replicated
  62. 62what happens in mitotic cell division1 cell gives rise to 2 daughter cells
    Mitosis aims to partition the genetic material equally to the 2 daughter cells
  63. 63What happens at ProphaseChromosome condensation
    Nuclear envelope breakdown
    Assembly of the mitotic spindle
    Separation of the sister chromatids of each chromosome
  64. 64What happens at MetaphaseAlignment of the condensed chromosomes on metaphase plate
    Every chromosome aligns on the metaphase plate before separation begins
  65. 65what happens at anaphaseDivision of the centromere
    Separation of the sister chromatids of each chromosome to the opposite spindle poles
  66. 66What happens at TelophaseDisassembly of the mitotic spindle
    Reformation of the nuclear envelope
    Chromosome de-condensation
    division of the cytoplasm
  67. 67what are the benefits of genetic variationimproves chances of survival for individuals
  68. 68what is diploidyfundamental to sexual reproduction
    main driver of the evolution of eukaryotes
  69. 69Are homologous chromosomes genetically identical or do they differ?genes on one homologue are in same order & look similar
  70. 70What are Allelestwo or more alternative forms of a gene that arise by mutation and are found at the same place on a chromosome.
  71. 71What are the two aims of Mitotic Cell DivisionReduce chromosome number
    Enable maximum genetic variation
  72. 72What happens in Mitotic Cell DivisionSingle round of DNA replication
    two rounds of cell division
    Halving genetic content occurs in germline cells to generate sperm and egg cells
  73. 73what are the key events in meiosisHomologous chromosome pair together and form structure with 4 chromatids
    Bivalents align on metaphase plate
    Homologues separate
  74. 74What happens in Meiosis ProphaseMeiosis starts with a diploid cell
    homologues PAIR together
    chromosome of a homologous pair has two sister chromatids
    Each homologue carries a replicated allele
  75. 75what happens in Meiosis AnaphaseThe two homologues separate
    One of each pair goes to opposite spindle pole
  76. 76What happens in Meiosis IINo DNA replication occurs
    Chromosomes line up again
    Sister chromatids separate
    Chromosomes decondense and cells divide
  77. 77what does Meiosis II producefour haploid gametes with genotype a or A
  78. 78What happens at fertilisationOnly one sperm from the father can fertilise one egg.
  79. 79What do Bivalents doorientate randomly at metaphase I and separate randomly to the poles at anaphase I
  80. 80how many genes are on each human chromosome100 genes
  81. 81what happens during bivalent pairing at prophase Imaternal and paternal homologues can swap one or more sections of non-sister chromatid: 'crossing over'
  82. 82what does crossing over lead togenetic recombination and gives genetic variability to the gametes
  83. 83what is Homozygoustwo 'identical' alleles
  84. 84what is heterozygoustwo different alleles
  85. 85what is a homologueone pair of like chromosomes
  86. 86what is a dominant allelethe allele that determines the phenotype in a heterozygous organism
  87. 87what is a recessive allelethe allele that is 'hidden' in a heterozygous organism
  88. 88what did Gregor Mendel discoverstudied inheritance in peas (model organism)
  89. 89what is the purpose of a punnett squareUsed to predict the outcome of a genetic cross
    Predicts the probability of an offspring having a particular genotype
    Summarises the possible combination of maternal and paternal alleles
  90. 90what is Mendel's first law of geneticslaw of segregation
    The two alleles "segregate" at Anaphase I when the homologs segregate before being passed to the next generation
  91. 91what do bivalents do?orientate randomly at metaphase I and separate randomly to the poles at anaphase I
  92. 92What is Mendel's 2nd law of geneticsalignment of one pair of homologues does not influence alignment of other pairs
    Each pair of alleles segregate independently of other pairs of alleles during gamete formation

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Tertiary Concepts in Biology Flashcards on Genetics , created by Olivia Gniadek on 24/05/2018.
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Olivia Gniadek
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