14847446
Description
Flashcards by Elizabeth Then, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by Elizabeth Then
over 5 years ago
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| Question | Answer |
| meninges | PAD pia mater - membrane closest to brain arachnoid space - vascular = bleed Dura mater |
| CSF | transports nutrients protective function around brain and spinal cord pressure measured with LP glucose/protein levels clear fluid - xanthochromia = discolouration |
| Nursing assessment of neurological signs | determine consciousness - painful stimuli cranial nerve function - pupil assessment motor function - limb strength sensory function - dermatome vital signs - low HR, high BP, irregular breathing |
| Consciouness | most sensitive indicator to neurological changes largely controlled by RAS a diffuse bundle of nerve fibres within the brain stem and midbrain |
| Disorders of consciourness | confusion - reduced awareness, delirium - disorientation, fear, irritability, obtunded - reduced alterness, drowiness, stupor, unresponsive, aroused only by vigorous and repeated stimuli vegetative, locked in - total paralysis below 3rd cranial nerve |
| Stimuli | begin with auditory nail bed pressure no longer than 30 seconds Painful stimuli will increase ICP |
| Cranial nerves | structure highlights the sensitive relationship between increase in intracranial pressure and changes in cranial nerve function |
| GCS | reliable measure of neurological state total = E+v+m |
| Seizure management must be observed for r specific indicators | LOC, limbs involved bi or unilateral, head movement, foaming or discharge from mouth |
| Pupil assessment PEARL | look for: direct light reflex -responsive to light consensual light reflex - stimulus accomodation - focus size shape reactivity |
| Ptosis | may indicate myasthenia gravis or increase in ICP |
| Pupils and nerve function | CNS 111, 1V, V1 - ocular motor function III - motor - shift gaze up and down, inwards and outwards III - parasympathetic - constrict pupil, shape lens IV motor - gaze in and down VI motor - gaze outwards |
| Oculomotor CN 111 nerve compression | one pupil does not respond to light interuption to the function of parasympathetic component of oculomotor nerve CN 111 - junction of midbrain and tentorial notch |
| Pressure on CN III | Hematoma, tumour, the same side as the dilated pupil |
| Pupils at midpoint and nonreactive | midbrain infarction or herniation |
| Small - nonreactive pupils | haemorrhage |
| Dilated unreactive pupils | severe anoxia, cerebral pressure, rule out drugs like atropine |
| Signs of increase in ICP | changes in conscious state pupil size and reaction RR pattern limb strength changes seizures incontinence |
| Monro - Kellie hypothesis | skull is a rigid vault brain parenchyma is nearly incompressible blood volume is constant venous blood out = arterial blood in |
| Autoregulation | refers to brains ability to change diameter of it's blood vessels automatically to maintain constant cerebral blood flow in response to metabolic needs |
| Autoregulatory reserve | difference between current mean CPP and the lower limit of autoregulation autoregulation = constant CBF |
| Observations suggesting coning (herniation) | changes in conscious state pupil size and reaction motor dysfcuntions RR patterns cushing reflex |
| Cushing reflex | physiological response to increase in ICP results in triad of: increased SBP, pulse pressure, bradycardia, changes to breathing patterns |
| LP | insertion of fine bore needle into subarachnoid space at level of 4th and 5th lumbar vertebrae sterile procedure CSF should be clear patient should be positioned on side of knees bent (foetal) to maximisegap between vertebrae |
| EEG | recoding of electrical activity of brain |
| ICP monitoring | an ICP greater than 20 is associated with poor CNS function |
| ICP management | external drainage device, blot to monitor pressues ICP = IP - acting against blood flow into the skull CPP - effective blood supply to the brain MAP - pressure to deliver blood into the brain CPP = MAP - ICP |
| Burrhole | drill used to access the brain through skull |
| Craniotomy | procedure to access the brain |
| Craniectomy | removal of piece of skul |
| CPP = MPA - ICP | Map is maintained through inotropes the pressure is dynamic |
| Care of a patient with increased ICP | minimise interventions suction will increased ICP, ventilation (PEEP) will increased maintain sedation ensure good head positioning ensure tracheostomy ties are not intering with venous |
| Signs of increase ICP | changes in Conscious state changes in pupil size RR motor function changes seizures facial nerve palsy |
| TCD | transcranial doppler indicates blood flow to the brain |
| Jugular bulb oximetry | catheter inserted into the jugular vein indicates oxygen that had been used by thebrain indicates uptake of oxygen by the brain |
| Causes of TBI | Open head injury - traume, gun shots closed head injury - MVA, falls Deceleration injuries (diffuse axonal injury) - axons and neurons damaged contre-coup - brain hits back and front surface causing widespread damage anoxia - depleted of oxygen, irreversible lesion - benign or cancer infections - meningitis |
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