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Description
Flashcards by Bethany Townend, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by Bethany Townend
over 9 years ago
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| Question | Answer |
| Year ten gcse geography. | Let's get started.... |
| Glaciation. | Last ice age-Pleistocene -18,000 years ago, ice covers most of the uk, now only in north/south poles. -during the last ice age, 30% of the planet covered by ice, now only 10% |
| Glaciation. | Glacial budget- the difference between accumulation (snow) & ablation (melting). Glaciers can advance (when it's colder) or retreat (when it's warmer). The snout is the end of a glacier -the Franz Joseph glacier in New Zealand is a case study of a retreating glacier |
| Glacial processes. | Freeze-thaw (weathering)- water gets in cracks. freezes, melts & freezes causing the crack to expand & eventually the rock breaks in half Plucking- ice freezes onto rocks & pulls them out of the ground Abrasion- ice uses plucked rocks to scrape the land surface |
| Glacial processes. | Bulldozing- glaciers push material along Deposition/moraine- glaciers drop rocks, pebbles & soils in an unsourced pile when they melt |
| Erosional landforms. | Corries- hollows on mountain sides often containing tarns e.g malham tarn Aretes- knife edge ridges between 2 corries e.g striding edge, Lake District Pyramidal peaks- pointy mountains where 3 or more Aretes join up e.g mt snowdon Truncated spurs- steep sides of mountains where ice cuts through interlocking spurs Glacial troughs- long, straight u-shaped valleys w steep sides & flat bottoms Hanging valleys- small glacier met a big glacier & now hangs above the main valley w a waterfall off the end |
| Depositional landforms. | Ribbon lakes- a long, narrow lake formed when moraine blocks the valley e.g Windermere Drumlins- egg shape hills formed by obstruction in the glacier often in swarms Moraine- piles of unsorted rocks, pebbles & soil dropped by a glacier: terminal (at the end of a glacier) lateral (at the sides) medial (in the middle) till (under) Scree- piles of rocks at the base of mountains formed by freeze-thaw weathering |
| Tourism. | Alps e.g chamonix - used for recreation (winter skiing, summer climbing) -positive impacts- jobs, money, new facility's negative impacts- litter, noise, congestion, seasonal jobs, footpath erosion, avalanches Management ideas- park & ride schemes, fenced off areas, artificial paths. |
| Avalanches. | Avalanches- can be loose (fine snow) or slab (huge chunks). They can be triggered by vibrations, noise, heavy snow or warm Weather Protection methods- snow nets, trees, pointy buildings, road tunnels. 40 people a year die from avalanches in Switzerland |
| Glaciation. | Future global warming- alpine resorts are getting less snow each year a May lose tourists and jobs. Switzerland could lose £1 billion if resorts are forced to close, solutions include artificial snow, bus people up mountain, extend cable car network, reinvest resort e.g climbing, walking & hand gliding |
| Remember: | On a map: - a pyramidal peak is a small blue triangle -a corrie often has a tarn -a hanging valley often has a waterfall -a glacial trough has flat land in the bottom (few contour lines) -an arête has Ricky crags on either side |
| coasts | weathering-the breakdown of rocks physical- -freeze-thaw- water freezing in cracks & expanding -onion skin- rock peeling off when repeatedly heated or cooled. chemical-pollution in rainwater dissolves rocks biological- plants grow in cracks, weakening them. |
| mass movement | mass movement- when cliffs collapse and rocks fall down due to gravity rockfall- single rocks fall down landslide- slabs slide down slumping/rotational slip-saturated soil flows down slopes like mud flows |
| coasts | swash- moving up the beach backwash- waves moving back out to sea fetch- distance over which winds travel to create waves constructive waves-create beaches (deposition), strong swash destructive waves- wear away the land (erosion), strong backwash |
| coastal erosion | coastal erosion- the wearing away of land hydraulic action- sea water traps air in cracks compressing/opening them abrasion- sea throwing things against the cliffs attrition- pebbles are bashed together making them go round solution/corrosion- sea dissolves cliffs |
| coastal transportation | coastal transportation- movement of beach material traction- big pebbles get rolled along saltation- leapfrog of pebbles as they get bounced along suspension- pebbles picked up &carried solution- rock chemicals dissolve into sea water |
| longshore drift | coastal deposition- waves deposit material in a sorted way. waves drop heaviest stones first at back of the beach & lightest ones next to the sea longshore drift- when waves come in at an angle & move beach material along the coastline in the same direction, it is prevented using groynes. |
| erosional landforms | headland- piece of hard rock sticking out into the sea e.g flamborough head bay- areas of calm water between headlands e.g lulworth cove, dorset wave-cut platforms- found where sea attacks cliffs opening up a wave-cut notch, the cliff is under cut & the cliff collapses under its own weight & the cliff moves back |
| erosional landforms | stacks- pillars of rocks sticking up out of the sea when cracks turn to caves, into arches, which collapse to make stacks, these collapse to make stumps. hydraulic action & abrasion is used to form a stack. an example is old harry rocks, dorset |
| depositional landforms | beaches- formed in calm waters in bays e.g scarborough spits- formed by longshore drift when coastline changes direction, and long tongue shaped pieces of land is formed, salt marshes build up behind e.g spurn head on river humber bars- when spits grow across bays forming a lagoon behind e.g slapton sands, devon |
| sea level rise | sea level rise- cause by global warming, will affect Norfolk coast. Impacts include: economic- loss of tourism & jobs social- people are forced to move home environmental- habitats destroyed political- the cost of coastal defences |
| coastal defences | coastal defences- hard strategies are expensive & ugly but work well whereas soft strategies are cheaper & environmentally friendly but don't work as well. |
| coastal defences | hard strategies sea walls- concrete sea walls with curved tops reflect waves wooden groynes- stop longshore drift rock armour & gabions absorb wave energy soft strategies beach replenishment- topping up beaches with new sand sand dune regeneration- hills at the back of beaches to stop high tides |
| Holderness coastline | -the east coast of uk is eroding at about 2m a year-the village of mappleton has weak rock cliffs and many homes are now falling into the sea. Defences have worked but groynes are starving beaches further on of sand leading to increases erosion of 10m a year. |
| fragile coastal habitat | key haven marshes, Hampshire- key species are: maram grass, bird (oystercatchers) and butterflies. it is under threat from sea level rise & tourism issues. management strategies include: artificial paths, fenced off areas, breeding programmes & limits on visitor numbers |
| remember: | -headlands are areas where erosion is common & landforms include stacks, arches, cliffs & caves can be found at peveril point -bays are areas where deposition occurs & beaches are found- swanage bay -groynes stop longshore drift |
| population change | - LEDC's = less economically developed countries - MEDC's = more economically developed countries -population growth- the worlds population is growing rapidly, especially in ledc's |
| population | birth rate- the number of babies born per 1000 people per year death rate- the number of people who die per 1000 people per year natural increase- difference between BR & DR life expectancy- the average age a person is expected to live to infant mortality rate- number of babies born alive who die before their 1st birthday out of every 1000 |
| demographic transition model | graph comparing BR'S, DR'S & population growth over time stage 1- high BR and DR (pop low&steady) stage 2- high BR falling DR (pop explosion)- LEDC'S e.gkenya stage 3- falling BR & DR (rising pop) stage 4- low BR & DR (pop high& steady) MEDC e.g uk & japan stage 5- low DR & very low BR (pop falling slowly) e.g germany |
| population structures | -they break a countries population into age brackets and male/female. -LEDC'S e.g Kenya, have a wide base (high BR) they narrow quickly (high IMR) & narrow top (high DR & short LE), they are pyramid shaped, stage 2 -MEDC'S e.g uk have a narrow base (low BR) do not narrow (low IMR) & wide top (low DR and long LE), they are rectangular shaped- stage 4 |
| birth rates | -they are high in LEDC'S bc they need children to work, theres lack of contraception, high num of infant deaths, tradition for big families, children need to look after elderly parents. -the are low in MEDC's due to contraception being widely available, low num of child deaths, pensions when old, women want careers.. |
| population control | china one child policy- introduced in 1979. women had to be married, benefits include: pensions, pay increases, free education & priority housing. punishment included: fines, forced abortions & pay cuts |
| china one child policy | changes since 1990- 2 children if its a girl first, in some areas, 2 children if both parents are an only child. more people are rich enough to pay fines, many girls abandoned in orphanages. |
| population control | India-improved female literacy, improved health care, maternity leave & free contraception have reduced BR from 5 to 2 as women now want careers & feel equal. phillippines- transmigration- moving people from crowded islands to less crowded ones. |
| population- the future | -MEDC'S have aging populations LEDC'S have youthful populations -LEDC'S e.g Kenya- key issues are just feeding everyone, providing education & strains on the health system. MEDC'S e.g uk,- key issues are: providing more pensions, building care homes, & strains on the health service, lack of tax payers, solutions to pension crisis are: increase taxes, reduce pensions or raise the retirement age. |
| population- the future | raising BR'S - france systems-couples get benefits for having big families. these include 3 years paid paternity leave, help w nursery fees & women can retire earlier the more kids they have on a full pension. |
| migration | migration- the movement of people from one place to another. push factors- make people want to leave. e.g wars, disaster, lack of jobs, low wages, poor education, poor health, lack of things to do. pull factors- attract people, better pay, more jobs, better education, better healthcare, more entertainment, family, hope. |
| migration | -Mexico to usa migration or polish to uk bring positives & negatives to both countries |
| migration- | -benefits for losing country (mexico) -less pressure on jobs & send money home, some return w new skills. problems for losing country (mexico) -problems for losing country (mexico) -young, educated tax peyers leave, & families split, most men move |
| migration | benefits for receiving country USA -migrants do dirty jobs for low pay & bring new cultures & foods problems for receiving country USA -migrants take local jobs & cause racial tension. Many face language problems. |
| refugees | refugees are people who leave a country for fear for their lives e.g wars/disasters they are asylum seekers who become refugees when they settle in a new country with permission. Many asylum seekershave come to the uk from Iraq, Afghanistan. some people might object to migrants coming to the uk illegally. |
| case studies | spit- spurn head, Humberside estuary stack- old harry rocks, Dorset arch- durdle door, Dorset bay- lulworth cove tombolo- st ninians freeze thaw weathering- arctic chemical weathering- paris salt marsh- Huntington beach, statepark |
| case studies | wave cut platform- southerndown, Wales cliff erosion- Holderness coastline bars- slapton sands, Devon sea level rise- Norfolk coast salt marsh-keyhaven marshes, Hampshire stacks&arches&caves- peveril point bays&headlands&beaches- swanage bay |
| case studies | retreating glacier- Franz Joseph glacier, New Zealand corries- malham tarn arête- striding edge, Lake district pyramidal peak- mt Snowdon, wales ribbon lake- windermere, lake district avalanches- Switzerland alpine resort- Chamonix |
| case studies | headland- flamborough head, yorks sea level rise- Holderness coastline, mapleton population increase methods: Germany population decrease methods: china, India, Kenya. |
| Tectonics | Let's go! |
| plate boundaries? | Destructive plate boundary: plates move together & ocean crust sinks beneath continental crust (subduction), cause violent volcanoes &earthquakes&fold mountains constructive plate boundary: plates move apart & magma is released. Causes minor earthquakes & shield volcanoes& ocean ridges. |
| plate boundaries | Conservative plate boundary: Plates slide past each other & stick, pressure builds & when released, an earthquake occurs. Collision plate boundary: Two continental crusts collide and both are pushed up forcing land up creating fold mountains. |
| volcanoes | crater- circular top of volcano vent- tube up middle of volcano magma chamber-lava stored under ground occur on belts at plate boundaries. measured using tilt meters, gas emissions & seismometers. |
| types of volcano | composite volcanoes- steep sides, erupt violently & are unstable e.g. Mt. st Helens 1980, USA, north side landslide- 61 dead everything destroyed within a 25km radius, 2 million animals killed, thick lava, lahars (destructive plate margin) shield volcanoes- safer, wide & flat & erupt frequently, have runny lava, Mauna Loa, Hawaii, (constructive plate margin) |
| Why people live on volcanoes & fold mountains | ` Farming- steep hills & rich soil tourism- winter skiing, summer climbing HEP-not many people would have to be moved forestry, mining & stunning scenery geothermal energy |
| earthquakes | focus- where the earthquake begins epicentre-a point on the land directly above the focus Richter scale- measures magnitude of EQ (0-10) Mercalli scale- measures damage done by the EQ (0-12) |
| Supervolcanoes | volcano x 1000 e.g. Yellowstone USA magma chamber collapses forming a caldera very flat & land bulges prior to a pyroclastic explosion key effects-87000 dead, ash covers planet & blocks sun leading to crop failure & starvation in most countries. |
| Famous earthquakes | kobe earthquake-MEDC 1995, Japan, 7.2 on Richter scale. 5000 dead, 300000 homeless, hanshin expressway collapses, £80 billion, epicentre right on top of city. Haiti earthquake- LEDC 2010, 7 on Richter scale, 230000 dead, 1 million homeless, massive aid relief effort. |
| effects & responses of earthquakes | primary effects- occur immediately after EQ, includes, buildings collapsing, roads & bridges destroyed & railway lines buckled. secondary effects- occur days / weeks / months after EQ e.g. fires, tsunamis, landslides & diseases e.g. cholera & typhoid. |
| Tsunamis | Asian Tsunami- 2004, Indian ocean, 250000 dead, waves 25m height, 2 million homeless, 9.1 on Richter scale, made by an EQ under sea. Japan tsunami- 2011, subduction zone , 9.0 on Richter scale, 20,000 killed, Fukishima nuclear power plant exploded, stock market crash, soldiers deployed to help rebuilding of building peoples homes. |
| prevention | sea walls, EQ proof buildings e.g. Transamerica pyramid, San Francisco. e.g. computer controlled weights on roof, steel frames that sway, birdcage interlocking steel frame, fire-resistant building materials, rubber shock absorbers, foundations sunk into bedrock avoiding clay, automatic window shutters to prevent falling glass. |
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